Research Proposal - 1690 Words

KNUTSFORD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE | CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR | Research Proposal | | OYENIRAN ABIOLA OLAYINKA (KBS00 178) | 11/17/2010 | | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Prior to the liberalization of the telecommunication sector of Ghana’s economy, the mobile telephony sector of the economy was non-existent. The only telecommunication service available to the populace was limited fixed lines provided by the Ghana Postal and Telecommunication Corporation (GPamp;T), which had a monopoly. The rate of access to phone in homes was 3 phones per 1,000 inhabitants and its distribution was skewed in favour of urban dwellers especially those in Accra. This led to the springing up of communication centers which†¦show more content†¦Most of the strategies are geared towards dominating the market. Whilst some over adopted the strategy of innovation (a leaders), others have adopted the strategy of copying what others have done (follower). Meanwhile others have also adopted the strategy of being a challenger and nicher. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY A close observation of the mobile telephony sector of Ghana reveals the looming of a heightened competition, the research therefore seek to address following; 1. To examine competitive environment of the mobile telephony sector? 2. Identify and analyze the strategies the various mobile operators adopted in the wake of tight competition? 3. To examine the impact of these strategies on customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty? The purpose of this research is to understand the impact of the tight competition witnessed over the past few years has on mobile operators and their customers and how customers have reacted to this phenomenon. In my opinion the tight competition which has resulted in a price war between these mobile operators goes to the benefit of mobile customers who have been underserved for long. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The focus of this research is on the impact of the marketing strategies adopted by mobile operators in Ghana on their customers which makes it importance to individuals, the players in the market, and corporate entities. Aside adding to theShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1267 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research.  It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.   Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin.   In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conductingRead MoreResearch Proposal1447 Words   |  6 PagesCohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG 2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No. 1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb, 2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research P roposal 1. Research Project Title The relationship betweenRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Proposal Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth Haynes RES/351 June 11, 2012 Dr. James Gartside University of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasiaRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreDifferences Between Formal Research and Business Proposals1403 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between â€Å"Formal Research† and â€Å"Business Proposals† There is a great difference between a formal research proposal and a business proposal. In fact these two types of proposals seem to be very similar but there are critical differences in the overall purpose, uses and goals. With such distinct differences for a writer it helps in understanding for writing the formal research proposal or business proposal more effectively. The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particularRead MoreDesign Research Proposal1022 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Design The research question for this research proposal is: is participation in a Housing First program effective in preventing reoccurrences of child maltreatment with families who have a history of housing instability? This research proposal will examine the hypothesis: Families with a history of instability will be less likely to commit child maltreatment when they are enrolled in a Housing First program as compared to those who are not enrolled. A longitudinal design study will be usedRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding

Funding Proposal for Unintentional falls in Older Adults - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1882 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Executive Summary Our community health foundation requests an estimated amount of $55,209 in order to sponsor an inventive dietetics as well as ensuring there is improved healthy living plan for K-2 kid. The plan will be designed to serve approximately 200-300 students every five weeks in the course of a year, this will be realized by teaching those perceived to be of low income the significance of choosing healthy foods to prepare from the onset in order to counteract obesity in childhood early in advance. Our foundation’s mission is to educate kids that taking healthy meals as well as taking care of their bodies tends to be a fun hence being a vital pillar to live long as well as having healthy life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Funding Proposal for Unintentional falls in Older Adults" essay for you Create order By the foundation setting up school health programs, children will be furnished with adequate knowledge, attitudes as well as necessary skills which will assist in making smart choices when it comes to eating as well as taking care of their state of health. Description of Program Our foundation has come up with a team of five registered Dietitians who will be tasked with the role of traversing those schools perceived to be of low income in Michigan for purposes of educating K-2 students on matters regarding both nutrition and healthy living. The program has been scheduled to take duration of six weeks whereby the curriculum gives room for discussion engagements as well as those activities that teach kids on how particular choices will impact their healthy in some years to come, and the reason it is vital to take safety measures early in advance. As the program progresses, children will have the freedom to explore new food items. As per the plan, this program will be executed for twelve months. In addition, for purposes of analysis, information will be gathered for one year after the program year is complete. Therefore, two years will be the total length of the project. Statement of Need Rates of obesity have reached extreme levels in the United States. In this regard, according to the control centre for illness, about 17% (this is equivalent to 12.5 million) children as well as adolescents has nearly become thrice the number in 1980. Due to increased number of incidences reported, it becomes difficult to believe that less than 15% of uncomplicated students take five or more servings of fruits and vegetables on daily basis as recommended. A portion of 30% of those students eat less than one serving of vegetable a day whereby one quarter of the vegetables eaten are French fries. Therefore, the need for help is as clear as can be. According to the data obtained from the office of the surgeon General, 300,000 deaths each year in the united states are as a result of obesity; this indicates the significance of taking preventive measures by introducing health programs in schools so that kids can be taught on how to live a healthy lifestyle as early as possible therefore averting such illnesses. Heart disease among others like cancer, fatty liver disease, breathing problems can be brought about by factors like overweight or obese. Children who are obese have high risk of becoming target of teasing as well as social isolation that may finally result to poor self esteem. Children who are obese tend to be more likely to become obese as an adult which happens to be not only costly to their bodies but also for their wallets. In this regard it will take a very small portion of that cost in order to facilitate this program to be a success for the sake of doing away with this obesity outbreak from becoming more dreadful Objectives To increase awareness regarding obesity and also train children on how to avoid being obese. To ensure that parents get the necessary information they require which will assist them understand that eating healthy doesn’t necessarily have to cost more. Also they need to be shown how to apply for the assistance from the government in case they are able to receive. iii. To demonstrate to teachers how integration of the program material into their curriculum will be helpful so that they will be in a position to emphasize the material coverage and more once in a week. To offer education to families of K-2 students ensuring parents are engaged as well as sending flyers home with the kids in order to stick on their refrigerators as a reminder to making choices which are healthy. Methods   Details of the program In number each school will be assigned to one dietitian for the entire length of the program. The schedule will be planned such that dietitian will teach classes not exceeding 50 students at a go. For instance, if a school has an enrolment of 200 K-2 students, therefore they will be divided into four groups whereby the dietitian will have to spend four hours in total at the school each day; this means each group will be entitled to one hour. During the study the students will get an opportunity to learn what obesity entails, the health problems attached to it and therefore learn how to take measures in order to do away with it hence staying healthy. At the beginning of the program this section will be stressed for the children to comprehend the reason they should care about as well as concentrating to the material. Health problems details related to obesity will not be covered, but in return an overview of an age appropriate will cover vital facts regarding obesity which should be known to children. The concentration will be how grow up to be healthy and stronger by receiving right as well as staying active. In order to adjust the negative implications the program will introduce children to a wide variety of fruits as well as vegetables and the different forms they come in for instance, banana bread, canned peas among others. Students will be offered a chance by the plan to discover new foods in the entire six weeks so that they can commence to restructure on what they take. In this regard, it is vital to educate children at their early stages that getting servings of fruits and vegetables daily does not necessarily mean taking them when raw, and blending them can be quite tasty. Inadequate opportunities for kids to learn about meals from their parents have been fueled by the increased number of single parent families together with households where both parents happen to work. As a result of this, the registered dietitians will educate students easy, and healthy snacks they can prepare by themselves, or teach their parents how to bake them. Through engagements in activities as well as discussions, students will be in a position to think of food comprising of a wide variety of ingredients so that they can have a fun way to know the importance of taking foods of different colors of the rainbow for instance; this will contribute to getting all the required nutrients by the body in order to be healthy and strong. Kids will get an opportunity to learn what one serving looks like, and the easy ways to quantify one serving. Students will also get to know the quantity of servings of each food group they are supposed to take on daily basis and they will also learn how to be familiar with one serving so that they can estimate the number of servings remaining. In the course of the program, teachers will have an opportunity to monitor different ways to teach students about being healthy so that they will have necessary tools to achieve the goal nutrition teaching once a week. Education to families on how to become healthier, diverse material will be taken to parents by their children for instance, flyers with hints on how to save money at the grocery store by shopping smart, coupons among others. Fridays will be set for summarizing as well as reviewing the material in order to give room to reinforce the information for the kids and to sum up the lessons of the entire week for parents. Evaluation Each and every project is supposed to use simple evaluation tools to assist in measurement of the impact that activities of the project had on healthy eating, physical activity as well as prevention. Preferably, each and every project would achieve one or more of the quantifiable results. In this regard, it will be a requirement for teachers as well as staff who oversee the lunch to ensure each student has brought a fruit together with vegetable for snack at least four times randomly per month for duration of one year after the completion of the program. Once the students achieve their goal on average, it will portray the accomplishment of the first objective. The second objective will be quantified by having both teachers and lunch staff fill questionnaires about how they reacted to the program and if they abided by the guidelines given during teaching times about health once a week for duration of one year upon accomplishment of the program. Parents of those children who participated in the program will receive surveys in order to find out whether they are receiving assistance from the regime since the agenda begun. Also, it assists in retrieving information about the effect the agenda has had on eating habits of families.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questions will also be raised in surveys to find out whether the parents have used any kind of recipes provided by the agenda and also if they have found the take home useful. Also, advancement in healthy eating, as evidenced by an increase both fruit and vegetable intake will be put into practice. Eventually, both parents and teachers will be presented with space on the questionnaire to leave their remarks on how the agenda can be made better. Dissemination of project results Conveyance or distribution of information of the grant-funded project in order to be accessible to everyone in different ranks for instance, at local level, state level, national level as well as an international level. The following are ways in which the information can be made accessible to the public; By publicizing the outcomes of the project in the newsletter perceived to be of the district, on the website and also on your local television channels. Other alternatives of carrying out the same can be through undertaking presentations at school board meetings as well as to parents. To ensure information of the project reaches at the state level, the school will be tasked with ensuring information is published to the projects area of focus. Also by considering doing workshop presentations or poster sessions at state conference. iii. By submitting studies for review by going to the website. By considering holding a webinar, in connection with one or more joint partners in the project. Sample Budget and Justification The budget of this plan is sub-divided into sections in order to give a clear picture of how much will be required in each position for the project to be considered as a success. Personnel: At this point it is mandatory that employees positions as well as the names of the applicant, together with those costs referred to as in-kind for their respective positions as related to the tasks they undertake in the grant project should be provided.

Essay about Community Report Sacramento Food Bank and...

In the face of a weak economy, America’s cultural communities are proving to be resilient. Enduring through these difficult times takes courage and commitment; our diverse communities are an excellent reflection of people creating change in the world. As economic conditions continue to worsen, our communities have taken the opportunity to improve their conditions together. Right here in Sacramento we are privileged to have the strength and support of the SFBSF (Sacramento Food Bank Family Services). Sacramento Food Bank Family Services has been actively helping the needy in Sacramento communities since 1976, when it was founded by Father Madigan. This report will focus on the details, history, and potential of the Sacramento Food Bank†¦show more content†¦SFBFS’ purpose is to strive to help others recover their lives in order to create a better future- regardless of their appearance, sex, race, culture, religion, etc. This type of cooperative living is an ex ample of Multiculturalism, â€Å"roughly the idea that society is strong enough to accommodate numerous cultures within it, and might even gain from the diversity this entails† (Kymlicka, 2010). SFBFS offers a wide variety of classes that are free of charge and can help tremendously. With nine very diverse and very beneficial programs, SFBFS can educate people on everything from Food (nutrition, health screenings, edible gardening), Clothing (donated and distributed clothing for the whole family, interviews, etc.), Parent Education (guides parents to raise children in a healthy and supportive environment, offers resources and incentives), Adult Education (one-on-one instruction as well as group instruction on subjects in reading, writing, math, computer skills, resume building, English), Women’s Wisdom Art (offers a comfortable place for artistic exploration, improves self-knowledge and self-esteem, helps support cancer patients, heart attack and stroke survivors, wom en struggling with the loss of a loved one), Play Care (helps toddlers and preschool childrenShow MoreRelatedMktg522 Course Project8178 Words   |  33 Pages Executive Summary K Girls Tasty Treats is a locally based, family owned bakery that will create, bake, and customize scrumptious and healthy homemade baked goods with delivery service to the greater Sacramento area. The company mission statement is: K Girls Tasty Treats will provide top quality desserts at affordable prices, with dazzling world class customer service, (with a smile), reliability, and a guarentee of freshness – always. K Girls Tasty TreatsRead MoreBusiness Analysis: Assignment #1 Industry Essay4201 Words   |  17 Pagesexchange for labels from various products.† SOUP INDUSTRY According to the Bloomberg BusinessWeek magazine, for the past few years’ soup sales of the United States have been rapidly decreasing. â€Å"As a percentage of all frozen, canned, and perishable food sales, the staple has shrunk by one ninth since 2007, from 3.6 percent to 3.2 percent.† (Welch 25-26) However, Campbell has several other products such as V8 vegetable juice, Prego pasta sauce, and a bevy of Pepperidge Farm snacks that continue toRead More sports stadium financing in the 1990s Essay2859 Words   |  12 Pagesplay field. The utter discontent of the increasing cost of attending professional sporting events. Distain ranges from players salaries to cost of parking and concessions. One local newscaster, channel 5 in Chicago, Illinois – April, 2003, reports that for a family of four to attend a major league baseball game on opening day costs between $160 and $200 dollars. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The precursor to this cost was a decade of skyrocketing salaries and the trend to build huge public ally financedRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Immigration In The U.S. Economy3296 Words   |  14 Pagesfrom the early 1800’s to the Great Depression. Most of the immigrants came from Europe and half of them immigrated to the United States. Whatever prompted the immigrants, they were brave, bold, and courageous men and women. They left familiar communities for a new land and a new people. The Four Waves of Immigrants The United States has always been a nation of immigrants. English, Dutch, and French men and women settled it in its earliest days, the first decade of the seventeenth century. GroupsRead MoreOld World Versus New World: the Origins of Organizational Diversity in the International Wine Industry12101 Words   |  49 Pagesinternational wine industry, 1850-1914 James Simpson Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Historia Econà ³mica e Instituciones Instituto Figuerola de Historia Econà ³mica Abstract: Wine production in Europe today is dominated by small family vineyards and cooperative wineries, while in the New World viticulture and viniculture is highly concentrated and vertically integrated. This paper argues that these fundamental organizational differences appeared from the turmoil in wine marketsRead MoreAirheads Business Analysis Essay34215 Words   |  137 PagesStrategic Analysis Project Airheads Trampoline Arena 26th July 2012 Table of contents Executive Summary 7 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS Introduction 9 Family Entertainment Center Industry 9 Market Size 9 Sales Growth 10 Stages of Industry Life Cycle 11 Trend 12 Key Competitors 12 Pest Analysis 13 Exhibit 1: Factors of the PEST Analysis 14 Political and Legal Factors 14 Economic Factors 16 Read MoreProcter and Gamble Environmental Analysis10421 Words   |  42 Pagesat PG 6 The Procter Gamble Company takes great pride in its long history of doing what is right. The companys core values, purpose, principles and vision are focused on the development of its people and the company treats its employees like family members. The company success over the years has depended on their brands, marketing strategies, organization design and an ability to innovate. But the most valuable contribution comes from the company‘s people. PG‘s employees are deeply committedRead MoreSelf Service28523 Words   |  115 Pagescoworker, and Dr. Ancilla Coleman for their special support during my dissertation process. Furthermore, I would like to express gratitude to the wonderful and inspiring professors during my graduate studies. Finally, I want to acknowledge members of my family, especially my granddaughter Crystalie; my three sons Brian, Christopher, and Joseph; and my wife Hattie S. Opara-Nadi for her love, encouragement and tireless effort in making this jour ney a success. I love you all. iv Table of Contents DedicationRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesstatements (goals, strategic intents and strategic missions) are derived from comments made by central characters in the organisation, business unit or top management team as described in the case and/or from public documents (for example, an annual report). Completing this step successfully can sometimes be difficult. Nonetheless, the outcomes you attain from this step are essential to an effective case analysis because identifying goals, intent and mission helps you to clarify the major problems featuredRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfor permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hartley, Robert F., 1927Marketing mistakes and successes/Robert F. Hartley. —11th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-16981-0 (pbk.) 1. Marketing—United

The Debate On Abortion And Abortion - 1448 Words

Abortion. This word leaves most people feeling uneasy after just saying it out loud. The discussion of abortion is continuously left open-ended with millions of opinions, arguments, and questions. Abortions occur every single day leaving potential fathers devastated or thrilled, leaving friends and families broken and distraught or in contrast, proud. More importantly, leaving the potential mother uncertain and even destroyed. But with abortion in mind, what is considered wrong and what is considered right? What is moral and what is immoral? Is all faith in humanity questioned at the sole argument of either aborting or not aborting an unborn child? Moreover, who is granted the superior authority on deciding what is morally correct or incorrect this day and age. As I said before, bottomless questions and vast accusations tend to be the fuel for this fire. It is as if society is waiting for the perfect, yet, moderate argument on abortion, tying up all of the loose ends and meeting some where in between what is right and what is wrong when considering abortion rights. Is there even a common ground of understanding when debating the existence of another human? The endless and twisted argument continues to linger on, although Judith Jarvis Thomson’s â€Å"Defense of Abortion† communicated insightful views which in fact influenced my very own ideas on the argument of abortion. As I was reading Thomson’s, â€Å"Defense on Abortion† I found myself unsure and often questioning the side sheShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1063 Words   |  5 Pagesstand on abortion. By definition an abortion is the termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of pregnancy tissue, including embryo, fetus, placenta, and membranes (Wicclair, Gosman 2005). In the recent years the debate on abortion has shifted to a different viewpoint that has reopened the conversation of abortion and has generated a healthy following for abortion control. The p remise of abortion control is to implement community outreach programs that will help reduce the number of abortions. I feelRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1490 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial issues floating around conversation. One that always catches my ear is the debate on abortion. Growing up in a republican household, and catholic for that matter, it was obvious that â€Å"pro-life† would be imprinted into my head. My whole family, not just my parents, are against abortion. Also going to church every Sunday and learning what my religion thought was right and wrong influenced me to believe that abortion was killing a life. Since I grew up with this influence I subconsciously thoughtRead MoreThe Debate Over Abortion On Abortion Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical debate has existed in America, there has been a strong tension between the ideologies of conservatism and liberalism. While there are numerous differences between the two ideologies, the cor e of each is expressed clearly through the modern debate of abortion. The vision, ideals, and assumptions of each ideology can be identified through the way in which each ideology argues its position on abortion. The debate over abortion has been taking place since the 19th century. Abortions were legalRead MoreThe Debate About Abortion And Abortion1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancyRead MoreThe Abortion Debate2354 Words   |  10 PagesAdedayo Adeniyi November 13, 2008 Expository writing An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. Abortion as a term most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages. Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methodsRead MoreThe Debate Of Abortion And Abortion2390 Words   |  10 PagesThe subject of abortion is undeniably a difficult one to discuss. 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Lastly I will look at the Pro-Choice view. In the final analysis I will show how utilitarianism, altruism, and situational ethical views apply to abortion. Having in mind the extreme controversy surroundingRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate888 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a highly debated and controversial topic within the United States. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. When you have an abortion, you decimate the life of a fetus in the womb prior to delivery. There were 5,013 abortions in the state of Oklahoma alone in 2013. In the same year, there were approximately, collectively in the United States, 983,000 total abortions performed. In addition, there have been almost 60 million abortions performed in the United States since

Vale of work hoard Free Essays

Viking objects; found near Harrogate, Yorkshire On the surface, everything is idyllic †¦ imagine a broad green field in Yorkshire. In the distance rolling hills, woods and a light morning mist – it’s the epitome of a peaceful, unchanging England. But scratch this surface – or more appropriately, wave a metal detector over it – and a very different England emerges, a land of violence and panic, not at all secure behind its defending sea, but terrifyingly vulnerable to invasion. We will write a custom essay sample on Vale of work hoard or any similar topic only for you Order Now And it was in a field like this, 1,100 years ago, that a frightened man buried great collection of silver, Jewellery and coins, that linked this part of England to what would then have seemed unimaginably distant parts of the world – to Russia, the Middle East and Asia. The man was a Viking, and this was his treasure. â€Å"Suddenly, a metal detector in a field in Harrogate uncovers this extraordinary treasure†¦ † (Michael Wood) â€Å"l crouched down in the soil and you could see the edge of a few coins sticking out of the top of it†¦ (Andrew Whelan) â€Å"There, packed in, are these hundreds of coins and these arm-rings, these pieces of silver. † (MW) put it in a sandwich box, wrapped it all up, and took it home. † (AW) â€Å"You’re right there with this material, that can take you back to that tremendous moment in English history, when the kingdom of England was first created. † (MW) things you dream of, but you dont actually expe ct to happen. † (AW) This week we’re sweeping across the vast expanse of Europe and Asia between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries. And once again we’re not going to be focussed on the Mediterranean: we’re dealing with two great arcs of trade – one that begins in Iraq and Afghanistan, ises north into Russia and ends here in Britain, and another in the south, spanning the Indian Ocean from Indonesia to Africa. The week’s objects range from today’s precious Viking treasure from Yorkshire to a few pottery fragments from a beach in Africa. Between them, they bring to life the travellers, the traders and the raiders who helped to shape this world. When you use the words â€Å"traders and raiders†, one group of people above all springs to mind: the Vikings. Vikings have always excited the European imagination and their reputation has fluctuated violently. In the ineteenth century, the British saw them as savage bad guys horn-helmeted rapers and looters. For the Scandinavians, of course, it was different: the Vikings there were the all-conquering heroes of Nordic legend. The Vikings then went through a stage of being seen by historians as rather civilised – more tradesmen and travellers than pillagers – in fact they became almost cuddly. This recent discovery of the Vale of York Hoard makes them seem a bit less cuddly and looks set to revive the aggressive Vikings of popular tradition, but now with a dash of cosmopolitan glamour. And the truth, I think, is that that’s what the Vikings have always been about: glitz with violence. The England ot the early was divided between territories occupied by the Vikings – most of the north and the east – while the south and the west were controlled by the great AngloSaxon kingdom of Wessex. The re-conquest of the Viking territories by the Anglo-Saxons was the great event of tenth-century Britain, and our treasure both pinpoints one tiny part of this national epic, and connects it to the immense world of Viking trade. The hoard was found in the winter of 2007. Here’s ather and son, David and Andrew Whelan, who were metal-detecting in a field to the south of Harrogate, in north Yorkshire. â€Å"It was a typical dreary January day, in a muddy rough ploughed field. It was a field that we wouldn’t normally go in because we’re never really found anything good in there, we tend to find dozens of Victorian buttons, but it was either that or go home, so†¦ † (Andrew Whelan) â€Å"This time we were there about ten minutes and that’s when I got my signal – the big one! I started finding lead at first. I dug down a bit more, and I kept going, and I get more lead, ore lead, and all of a sudden, this round thing fell into the bottom of the hole – came out from the side, so I’d actually Just missed it. It fell into the bottom of the hole and I thought, ‘Oh dear, I’ve found an old ball cock, I’ve got a lead cistern with an old ball cock’. So I picked this round thing up, and put it on top of the ploughed land, I put my glasses on, and I looked at it, and I could see all these animals on the cup, and all these bits of silver in the top. † (Dave Whelan) â€Å"l crouched down in the soil, and you could see the edge of a few coins sticking out of he top of it†¦ and there was a coin of Edward the Elder, I think†¦ on top. (Andrew Whelan) The hoard that David and Andrew Whelan had found was contained in this beautifully worked silver bowl, about the size of a small melon. Astonishingly, it contained over 600 coins, all silver, and roughly the same size as a modern pound coin, but wafer thin. They’re mostly from Anglo-Saxon territory, but there are also some Viking coins produced in York, as well as exotic imports from western Europe and Ce ntral Asia. Along with the coins was Jewellery: arm-rings – one gold and five silver ones. And then, there’s the ingredient that makes it absolutely certain that this is not an Anglo-Saxon but a Viking hoard; there’s what we call hack silver – chopped- up fragments of silver brooches and rings and thin silver bars, mostly about an inch (2. 5 cm) long, that the Vikings used as currency. The hoard pitches us into a key moment in the history of England, when an Anglo-Saxon King – Athelstan – at last defeated the Viking invaders and built the beginnings of the kingdom of England. Above all, it shows us the range of contacts enjoyed by the Vikings while they were running northern England. These Scandinavians were tremendously well connected, as the historian Michael Wood makes clear: â€Å"There’s a Viking arm-ring from Ireland, there’s coins minted as far away as Samarkand and Afghanistan and Baghdad. And this gives you a sense of the reach of the age; these Viking kings and their agents and their trade routes spread across western Europe, Ireland, Scandinavia. You read Arab accounts of Viking slave dealers on the banks of the Caspian Sea; Gull the Russian – so-called because of his Russian hat, and he was Irish this guy, you know! dealing in slaves out there on the Caspian, nd those kind of trade routes; the river routes down to the Black Sea – through Novgorod and Kiev and these kind of places; you can see how in a very short time, coins mint ed in Samarkand, say, in 915, could end up in Yorks 2 hire in The Vale of York hoard makes it clear that Viking England did indeed operate on a transcontinental scale. Here is a dirham from Samarka nd, and there are other Islamic coins from central Asia. Like York, Kiev was a great Viking city, and there merchants from Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan traded their goods via Russia and the Baltic to the hole of northern Europe. In the process, the people around Kiev became very rich. An Arab merchant of the time describes them making neck-rings for their wives by melting down the gold and silver coins they’d amassed from trade: â€Å"Round her neck she wears gold or silver rings; when a man amasses 10,000 dirhams, he makes his wife one ring; when he has 20,000 he makes two†¦ and often a woman has many of these rings. † And, indeed, there’s a fragment of one of these Russian rings in the hoard. Although Kiev and York were both Viking cities, contact between them would only very rarely ave been direct. Normally the trade route would be constructed through a series of relays, with spices and silver coins and Jewellery moving north, as amber and fur moved in the other direction, and at every stage there would be a profit. But this trade route also carried the dark side of the Vikings’ reputation. All through eastern Europe, the Vikings captured people to sell as slaves in the great market of Kiev – which explains why in so many European languages the words for slave and Slav are to this day still so closely connected. But this hoard also tells us a great deal of what as happening back in York. There, the Vikings were becoming Christian but, as so often, the new converts were reluctant to abandon the symbols of their old religion – the Norse gods were not entirely dead. And so, on one coin minted at York around 920, we find the sword and name of the Christian St Peter, but intriguingly the ‘i’ of Petri – Peter – is in the shape ofa hammer, the emblem of the old Norse god, Thor. It’s a coin that shows us that the new faith uses the weapons of the old. We can be pretty certain that this treasure was buried soon after 927. In that year, the AngloSaxon Athelstan, King of Wessex, finally defeated the Vikings, conquered York, and received the homage of rulers from Scotland and Wales. It was the biggest political event in Britain since the departure of the Romans. And the hoard contains one of the silver coins that Athelstan issued to celebrate it. On it, he gives himself a totally new title, never used before by any ruler: ‘Athelstan Rex totius Britanniae’ – Athelstan, King of all Britain. The modern idea of a united Britain starts here. Here’s Michael Wood again: â€Å"The wonderful thing about the treasure is that it hones in on the very oment that England was created as a kingdom and as a state. The early tenth century is the moment when these, what we might call ‘national identities’, start to be used for the first time. And that’s why all the later kings of the English, whether it was Normans or Plantagenets or Tudors, looked back to Athelstan as the founder of their kingdom. And in one sense you could say they go back to that moment in 927. † But it was a pretty messy moment, and the hoard demonstrates that the struggle between Viking and Anglo-Saxon wasn’t yet over. The treasure certainly belonged to a ich and powerful Viking, but he must have stayed on in Yorkshire under the new regime, because some of the coins in his hoard were minted by Athelstan in York in 927 Something must then nave gone wrong tor our Viking, which led him to bury the hoard – but he did it so carefully that he must have intended to return. Was he killed in the ongoing skirmish between Vikings and Anglo-Saxons? Did he go back to Scandinavia, or on to Ireland? Whatever happened to 3 the treasure-owner, most of the Vikings in England stayed on and, in due course, were assimilated. In north-east England today, places with names ending in â€Å"by† and â€Å"thorpe† – like Grimsby and Cleethorpes – are living survivals that still speak of the long Viking presence. And the Vale of York Hoard reminds us that these places were also the end – or the beginning – of a huge trade route that around 900 stretched from Scunthorpe to Samarkand. In the next programme, we’ll be on a different trade route, but one that also links the Middle East and northern Europe. We’ll be in Poland, with a Christian saint and a miraculous glass†¦ that turned water into wine. How to cite Vale of work hoard, Papers

That Summer Sarah Dessen free essay sample

That Summer The book â€Å"That Summer† by Sarah Dessen is a book about the relationship between two sisters, who have their struggles but come together in the end more as friends than as a family member. Haven is just another teenage girl that doesn’t agree with what her body looks like and tries her hardest to either be noticed by the guy she likes or hide in the crowd from the girls she wants to avoid. Haven is six feet tall her freshman year and lives in the shadow of her twenty-one year old sister, Ashley.Ashley is a petite five-four, with a curvy rounded body that everyone wishes they had; tiny feet, perfect hair, small enough to be cute, but forceful enough to be respected. When Ashley was Havens age she had already been voted most popular, dated and rejected the captain of the football team, and was a star cheerleader. She was always number one. Ashley had the life every girl dreamed of: being popular and always had the cutest boyfriend at all times. Haven is the complete opposite; awkward and tall. With her parents’ divorce and her father getting remarried, Haven has just been trying to quietly get over all the chaos in her life.Haven is doing well until Ashley announced she was getting married in a few months; on August nineteenth. Ashley was getting married to Lewis Warsher, who would be the end of Ashley’s long boyfriend list. Out of all Ashley’s boyfriends there was only one boyfriend that actually ever meant something to Haven, his name was Sumner Lee. Sumner wasn’t like anyone else Ashley had ever dated. Ashley liked the guys who were well dressed, football players, wresters, and maybe a tennis player here or there. Sumner on the other hand, didn’t fit this description. He wasn’t an athlete. He was skinny with black curly hair and bright blue eyes. Sumner had changed Ashley in a way that meant the world to Haven. Ashley was different with Sumner around. Ashley was always rude to Haven; acted like she wasn’t there and ignored her. Now with Sumner around Ashley actually talked to Haven and treated her like a sister. This helped a lot to Haven because it was during the time period when their father was getting remarried to the weather girl. One night Ashley and Sumner broke up.To Ashley it was like every other break up in her life; go to sleep, wake up in the morning and nothing was never wrong. Ashley would move on and forget about everything that had ever happened. While working one afternoon, Haven was on her lunch break and saw. . . . . Sumner! She went up and talked to him and they caught up on things like how they’ve been. She told Sumner that Ashley was getting married and the world still revolves around Ashley. Between Havens awful job, Sumner, and Ashley and her wedding crisis every minute haven just couldn’t take it anymore.So she quit her job and ran away from home. Haven was at a nearby park, curled up into a ball just trying to forget everything that had happened to her. She was pretending that she wasn’t six feet tall and awkward. Ashley wasn’t getting married. She was pretending that she was with Sumner. On the street of the other side of the park the purring noise of a car was going by that she’s heard before. It was Sumner’s car. Haven immediately got up and followed him to a nearby senior center where he was volunteering at. It was a dance night there.Haven went inside and was watching Sumner dance with all the old ladies. Haven watched him dance for a while and as she was walking away Sumner ran over and grabbed her by the waist and pulled her close to him for the last dance of the night. All the senior citizens were in a perfect circle around the both of Haven and Sumner swaying back and forth to the music. The music was coming to a stop. Haven and Sumner were gazing into each other’s eyes and when Sumner leaned into Haven, she just leaned into him and closed her eyes for a kiss.This is what Haven has been dreaming of and tonight was when it all finally came true. Haven got into Sumner’s car so he could take her home and that’s when she broke down. She told him everything; about how she quit her job, running away from home, and how she just couldn’t take Ashley and all her problems anymore. Haven didn’t want to go home but that was the place Sumner was going to take her. Haven wasn’t going home so she got out of the car and ran into the nearby woods. It started to rain and haven was lost and had no idea where she was at.Meanwhile, Sumner was at havens house telling her family what had just happened. After that Ashley ran out looking for haven and found her in the woods in the pouring rain. When Ashley found Haven, Haven just started to cry and told Ashley how everything was wrong. Ashley was comforting to Haven more than she’s ever been and that’s exactly what Haven needed. Today was the day of Ashley’s wedding. As Haven and her mother were walking to their car, her mother stopped her and told her that things would be better and that Haven needs to accept the fact that her sister was happy getting married to Lewis.During the wedding Haven was wishing that she could talk to her sister one more time before she walked down the aisle but she was too late. Ashley was already walking down the aisle and was as beautiful as always. When Ashley got to Haven she stopped and hugged Haven. Haven realized that everything was going to be ok at that moment. I really liked this book and would recommend it to anyone. It really shows the struggle between two sisters and how they overcome it. The book talks about the divorce between Havens parents and kids who have had their parents split up might really relate to it.