Self Determination Theory The Theory Of Motivation

The self-determination theory is the general theory of motivation that states people need to feel autonomous and in control of the decisions they make for themselves about themselves. Our objective within this report is to show that by allowing individuals to make the decision for behavior change, there is a greater probability of long term success for that change than if the decision is made from an outside source. We examined several studies that used the self-determination theory to motivate change for improved health. We then looked at how successful those studies were in creating change long term. The self-determination theory uses goal-directed behaviors but it makes distinctions between the content of the goals and the regulatory processes through which the outcomes are reached. It also uses the notion of innate psychological needs as the basis for this differentiation. The theory is based off of people’s instinctive motivation towards competence, autonomy, and relatedness.1 Individuals have these basic tendencies and once these needs are fulfilled, the theory suggests that they can reach their full potential for growth and development. Ongoing satisfaction of basic tendencies and support from the social environment are both required to function effectively.2 There are two different types of motivation that the theory encompasses: autonomous motivation and controlled motivation. Autonomous motivation is when individuals choose a behavior due to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedMotivation, Self Determination Theory, And Expectancy Theory863 Words   |  4 Pages(2001-2016). Motivational theories can help support an employee to progress in the workplace; a few theories such as Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Acquired Needs Theory, Self-Determination theory, and expectancy theory relate to my professional life. I will explain if I agree/disagree with my PsyCap self-assessment and some developing strategies to advance in my career using my strengths. Also, I will talk about how I can employ goal-setting to increase motivation, and how my engagementsRead MoreSelf Determination Theory ( Sdt ) Is A Macro Theory Of Human Motivation1167 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro-theory of human motivation concerned with the development and functioning of personality within social contexts. In order for subjects to be considered â€Å"healthy†, they will exhibit high levels of autonomy, competence, and relatedness†. (Deci Ryan, 2008). Humans have studied the idea of motivation as how to make themselves or others reach a specific goal, or find energy to act in front of a struggle in life. Such struggles include grades, evaluationsRead MoreThe Motivation Of Student Online Learning Affect Student Learning Satisfaction Using Self Determination Theory877 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this study is to determine how the motivation of student in online learning affect student learning satisfaction using self-determination theory of motivation of graduate students of technology management program at the department of polytechnic studies of Southeast Missouri State University. Self-motivation is a necessary factor in both online and face to face classes. It is more import ant for online classes because there is no second person available in front of a student as inRead MoreMaslow s Humanistic Hierarchy Of Needs And Then Followed By Ryan And Deci s Self Determination Theory1532 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation can be defined as â€Å"A driving force or forces responsible for the initiation, persistence, direction and trigger of goal related behaviour† (Colman. A. 2001) Motivation to do something can come about in many ways (Stipek 2002).Academic motivation may come from the intrinsic sources such as interest in the subject or lesson or from extrinsic sources, for example money rewards for good grades. In the essay I am going to firstly outline the key information from my case study and then proceedRead MoreThe Heart Of The Self Determination Theory937 Words   |  4 Pagessome people believe humans are empty organisms; however, is it assumed by the meta-theory that we are inherently active and inclined by nature toward inner organization. This means that even as children we all inherit an instinct to organize and support our inner self in order to grow successfully. Through the meta-theory, self-determination theory was built (Deci et al, 2013). The heart of the self-determination theory is based around three autonomous behaviors. These three behaviors are intrinsicallyRead MoreA Theory That Supports Motivation, And Learning Will Take Care Of Itself1491 Words   |  6 PagesTake care of motivation, and learning will take care of itself. Learning comes from all forms of understanding. A person whether they are children or adults must take care of themselves in order to focus and maintain what is important. Self esteem in students is especially important when students are learning so when the self-esteem is high the motivation is high thus the learning will excel. One of the key responsibilities as teachers is to become a motivator. Motivation is how people move themselvesRead MoreEssay on Motivational Plan1257 Words   |  6 Pages2011 There are five basic theories of motivation. 1) Self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. 2) Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. 3) Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s beliefs about abilities. 4) Social cognitive theory states that human behavior comes from their attributes. 5) Goal orientation theory wants to know the reasons for doing tasks. Self-Determination Theory The self-determination theory states that people have threeRead MoreTheory Of Planned Behavior By Icek Ajzen1455 Words   |  6 PagesTheory of planned behavior The theory of planned behavior was proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1985 through his article From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior., which is based on the hallmarks of a reasoned action approach. According to the theory of planned behavior, human action is influenced by three major factors: a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior (attitude toward the behavior), perceived social pressure to perform or not perform the behavior (subjective norm)Read MoreThe Theory Of Self Determination851 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussion the early humanistic psychologists were able to develop the theory of self-determination, which has provided us with great insight on what drives/motivates us as individuals. Using the theory of self-determination we are able to see how this form of motivation provide the skills a person needs such as competence, relatedness, and autonomy to thrive, especially in regards to students with disabilities. Keywords: self-determination, competence, relatedness, autonomy, and student with disabilitiesRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Advocacy1162 Words   |  5 Pagescan contain student’s performance during this event, frequency of needed reminders, and supports that have been given to help the student with this specific skill. By utilizing a self-monitoring checklist, the student can take an active role in observing progress towards achievement of the goal. The concept of self-advocacy also can be expressed in the student’s selection of short term and long term goals which not only pertain to course selection and steps needed to achieve success in those courses

We Should Not Put Our Families in Nursing Homes Free Essays

We should not put our families in nursing home Purpose To persuade my audience why they should not put their family members in a nursing home. Introduction Do you have a disable or elderly family member that can not do for themselves? We as people need to think about where we place our family members as far as nursing homes and facilities. Many of you may not have any disable family members, but I know you may have elderly family members, and you do not need to put your family member in a nursing home. We will write a custom essay sample on We Should Not Put Our Families in Nursing Homes or any similar topic only for you Order Now I know this because I have been a nursing assistant for four years and I also have a sister who has been a nursing assistant for three years and has done home health care and nursing home services. I had two family members in a nursing home. One passed away and the other one did not start to recover until she came home. Central Idea I am here to convince you to that you should not put your family members in a nursing. Preview You should not put your family member in a nursing home because in a nursing home the ratio is 1 caregiver to 10-15 patients, your independence is limited, and the chances of your love ones improving are little to none. Body I. The first reason why you should not put your family member in a nursing home is because in a nursing home the ratio is one caregiver to ten to fifteen patients. A. The biggest problem in a nursing home is that they are short of registered nurses and nurse aides. 1. According to AHCA (American home care association) as of 2007 the vacancy rate for registered nurses at a nursing home was 16. 3% yet some nursing homes have only one registered nurse for 50 to 70 patients notes Charlene Harrington, a professor of sociology and nursing at the University of California. . For nursing assistants, they have the most work. 3. They have the task of feeding, clothing, bathing, hygiene care, transporting, and these are just a few are the task done on a daily basis. 4. A caregiver does these tasks for more then six patients and over night may have the minimum of ten. Subpoint: Now that you have learned about this first risk taking at a nursing home, lets move on to my second reason I. The s econd reason why you should not put your family member in a nursing home is because their independence is limited. . When being in a nursing care facility your time is limited. You have to get up, eat, and go to bed, etc. at a certain time. 2. When in a home care setting, you can get when you want or go wherever you want without having someone telling you. This gives your family member a chance to live a normal life everyone else. 3. According to the book Elder care: Choosing Financing Long-Term Care by Joseph Matthews, one advantage of homecare is that you and family can better control the care you receive and avoid the care you do not need or would not need. 4. In homecare services you can also avoid the risks of a family being abused, neglected, and thief. Subpoint: Now that you have learned about these two risks of sending your family members to a nursing home, lets move on to my third reason. II. The third reason why you should not put your family reason member in a nursing home is because their chances of improving are little to none. 1. If it is not in the care plan the staff will not do it. This statement says that a caregiver will not take care of the family member any further than then what is on a piece of paper. 2. Failure to provide comprehensive care plans was among was among the top most frequently cited deficiencies in nursing homes facilities in 2008, according to a November 2009 report co-authored by Harrington of UC San Francisco. 3. They may also not provide the care for your family member of their particular need, for example, physical therapy. If a patient is paralyzed on one side or waist down, they may be ridding. In a home care setting, you will have your own social worker, a registered nurse that comes to the home to check on you, and can have therapy at your home or sign yourself up for therapy services. Being able to get out and move around whether the family member is in a wheelchair or not can help create a less risk of things like depression, cancer, and bedsores. Conclusion In conclusion, you should not put your disable or elderly family members in a nursing home because in a nursing home the ratio is one caregiver to ten to fifteen patients, your family member independence are limited, and the chances of someone improving in a nursing home are little to none. I am here to convince you that you should not put your family members in a nursing home, if you care about the needs for your love ones and want to avoid the risk of thief, neglect, and abuse. I urge you to better options for your loved ones and not a nursing home. Work Cited Page Matthews, Joseph. Beat the nursing home trap: A consumer’s guide to choosing financing long-term care. Berkeley, CA: Nolo press, 1990. Print. Matthews, Joseph. Elder Care: A consumer’s guide to choosing financing long-term care. Berkeley, CA: Nolo press, 1990 and 1993. Print. Bornstein, Robert F. and Languirand, Mary A. When someone you love needs nursing home care. New York, NY. NewMarketPress, 2001. Print. Strickland, Britney. Personal Interview. 2 Nov. 2012. Scherzer, Lisa Ph. D. and Stives, David Ph. D. 10 things nursing homes won’t tell you. N. P. 15 April 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2012 http://www. smartmoney. com/plan/health-care/10-things-nursing-homes-wont-tell-you/ How to cite We Should Not Put Our Families in Nursing Homes, Essay examples

How Spectre and Meltdown could affect the Crypto World Essay Example For Students

How Spectre and Meltdown could affect the Crypto World Essay Everyone is talking about the new CPU-Flaws Spectre and Meltdown. ButI think the most people doesn’t really know what it is in detail and how itcould affect their daily lives. Crypto is booming these days and many non-tech savvy persons are in the market, too. Therefore, I wrote a shortsummary regarding to the technical details of Meltdown and Spectre andtheir effects on crypto currency exchanges and wallets. So, what are Spectre and Meltdown in detail? They are vulnerabilities which affect CPUs made by Intel, AMD and ARM. Meltdown was already discovered in 2017 but publicly disclosed at the 3rdJanuary 2018 by two companies, Cerberus Security and Google ProjectZero, as well as the Technical University of Graz. Spectre has been identified by Google Project Zero and the researcher Paul Kosher. Both vulnerabilities affecting Windows, Linux, MacOS and other operating systems and affects all devices like mobile phones, laptops, Desktops andServers. There are two different variants of Spectre and one variant of Meltdown. Meltdown is affecting nearly every modern Intel Chip and the two Spectre variants are affecting the least Intel, AMD and ARM Chips. Meltdown and the two types of the Spectre attacks are taking advantage of a process within the CPUs which is speed up processing of any given code without a performance loss whilst guessing which the next process will be. Every time this process will be executed a small change to the processor is made. Unfortunately, this change can also be measured by other programs which means that the information can be leaked to malicious programs, too. Spectre is using JavaScript to steal the leaked information while Meltdown is leaking the information within the kernel memory. Modern operating systems using page tables to map kernel memory or processes and physical memory of the system and split it into two parts, one for processes and one for the kernel. Since the kernel memory is shared for all processes, Meltdown takes advantage of this shared memory, finding leaks in the data and forward them to a third party. Spectre could be exploited in a CPU to make it mispredict and execute malicious c ode instead of the predictive code. With the second version of Spectre an attacker could trick the CPU into making the wrong speculative accesses outside its boundaries, driving the CPU away from a normal prediction to the one that the attacker wants. Both Spectre vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to gain access to data on the chips, that is meaning in detail that encryption keys, passwords and other sensitive information could be exfiltrated. Every time when the CPU guesses what information is needed to continue its process, the attacker could see the data. Spectre allows an attacker to start the guessing process, by measuring how long it takes to perform this task, then the process can be detected by a third-party process. This could lead to buffer overflows attacks for example. Bad news for all admins, Spectre affects also virtualized machines. For the exploitation of Meltdown, a lower skill set is needed as for Spectre. It enables a third-party process to read the data directly from the kernel and allows the attacker to view the data. These Attacks are so called â€Å"Side-Channel-Attacks† and accessing data while it is used for legitimate process. The vulnerability leads not to a specific vendor like often told in the news but lays in the design of the Chips itself. Amazing, we can call most of our processors vulnerable by design! Updates are on their ways for the most device or are deployed already. So, what d oes that have to do with the crypto world? .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 , .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .postImageUrl , .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 , .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:hover , .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:visited , .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:active { border:0!important; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:active , .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114 .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32089b8a14d76a77cc7c7a9d9ec10114:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tell Tale Heart EssayAs we’ve learned so far, Spectre and Meltdown can both lead to sensitive information leaks, which also means that your private keys for your cryptowallets could be stolen! This could happen through a malicious website, abrowser plugin or of course, through a file delivered via an E-Mail phishingattempt. You are not affected by the flaws if you stored your private keys on a safeplace, far away from the internet or using a hardware wallet. So, what is about exchanges like binance.com or third-party wallets likeCoinPouch? Customers never get access to their private keys on exchanges as well ason many third-party wallets. We don’t know if our private keys are maybe stored on the same server like our public keys. We need to rely to the operators that they are keeping everything secure. If we have a look atrecent happenings like the CoinPouch- or Blackwallet-Hack. Between 2011 and 2017 there were 1040422,756 Bitcoins ($ 11.122.373.837,85) stolen just from exchanges. If I would include alt-coins and hacks against wallets in this calculation we would reach a much higher amount. The history showed hackers often finding methods to get into different crypto exchanges or wallets. At the moment there are more than 120Crypto-Exchanges and many third-party online wallets out there, some of these are just operated by a few people and it is very obscure who is really behind them. Regarding Spectre and Meltdown we need to rely on all of these 120 exchanges updating their systems properly and in time to besecure. If they won’t, it could look like this soon: So, what is about those new decentralized exchanges? Yes, good choice, it would protect you against the Spectre and Meltdownattacks. But keep in mind that there are many other dangers around. Formore information please check about the recent Etherdelta hack. So, what if we putting all together? Meltdown and Spectre are definitely big deals for centralized-online-exchanges and third-party wallets as well as your private wallets. Most of the security of your private wallet lays in your own hands: keep the keys off your computer or just use a hardware wallet like Ledger Nano. At exchanges and third-party wallets, the security relies on the operators and how skilled they are. Be Careful do not leave too much coins on the exchanges, as you can never be sure what is running behind the frontends. And of course, just don’t use third-party wallets. If possible use a Hardware or paper wallet, but please not a paper wallet from eBay with pre-generated private keys because this could lead to lose of your coins, too. For decentralized exchanges Meltdown and Spectre got a low impact, but keep in mind that there are many other possibilities to get your coinsstolen. My personal advice is to keep all your systems up to date, store higher amounts o f coins in a hardware wallet and of course, don’t trust anyone.

Of Human Agony free essay sample

I have chosen to write about a particular piece of literature, Of Human Agony, written by Irene and Carl Horowitz, which has had a profound impact on my life. Irene and Carl Horowitz are my great aunt and uncle on my mothers side. They are Holocaust survivors who came to the United States after World War II and are presently living in Brooklyn, New York. As the years passed, Irene and Carl felt compelled to record their war experiences for future generations. They decided to write a book. Irene and Carl were Polish Jews when Hitler took control in 1939, and for the next several years they suffered the fate of so many of Hitlers victims. Overnight, they lost their homes, parents, friends, and almost their own lives. Until the war finally ended in 1945, their daily struggle was a desperate one of perseverance and endurance. My great aunt was fortunate to spend the war years hiding in a well. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Human Agony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through winter and summer she remained concealed under leaves, only able to emerge after dark for food and water. The well soon became crowded with other Jews seeking an escape from Hitlers relentless onslaught. Finally on August 8, 1944 news arrived that the Russians had driven out the Germans. Irene was so flea and lice infested that she was half dead from anemia, but she was free at last. In another part of Poland, Carl was searching for any opportunity to avoid his own doom. He was on a death march to Auschwitz, when an old woman selling apples appeared by the side of the road. He made a desperate leap for safety, trusting God in the guise of this woman who hid him and helped him find a route to freedom. My grandparents are also characters in this horrific drama and their adventures no less harrowing. I have read many books in my life. Many describe acts of heroism or perhaps superhuman dedication to some cause, but none will hold the strength and courage for me that this book does. To meet my great aunt and uncle, or my grandmother and grandfather, one would never suspect the enormous obstacles they have overcome. Their survival and recovery will always and forever inspire me. My great aunt says they were just victims, but to me they are heroes.

The eNotes Blog Rolling in the Big Bucks! (Just Kidding) A Snapshot of AcademicSalaries

Rolling in the Big Bucks! (Just Kidding) A Snapshot of AcademicSalaries Over the past several months, there has been much talk about how teachers make a heck of a lot of money. I read and listened to several of these reports as I waited for the water to boil for my ramen noodles. This week, the Chronicle of Higher Education released data showing the average salaries of professors from hundreds of academic institutions across the nation- from tenured profs at private institutions that grant doctoral degrees, to adjuncts who teach at community colleges. Not surprisingly, private universities like Harvard, Columbia, and Princeton offered the highest paying positions, averaging a nice $190k or so per year. Professors at the top levels of public universities earn about a third less than their private counterparts. Of course, these positions are few and far between. Most professors work in lower tiered schools. The average for these colleges ranges from about $87k for a tenured professor to around $40k for a professor of no rank (adjuncts). While the highest paying schools certainly provide a nice living for their professors, even they fall far below what those individuals might be earning in the non-academic world. In fact, that is probably true of an academic on any rung of the teaching ladder. Where does your school fall in the salary range? Read the full report here. If you are considering teaching, does this information change your mind at all? While its true that no one goes into teaching for the money, the reality is quite eye-opening, to say the least.

Background of the Study

This doctoral dissertation will be conducted to determine the intensity of need for abused victims’ therapist hotline, one stop shop and law enforcers in diverse States of America. It will make use of the experimental method of research as it is aimed at ascertaining intensity of needs for therapist hotline, parametric reception areas, and secured holding quarters for abused victims as against law enforcers mere investigations often including mandatory reporting or convincing the victim to do her job of confronting the suspect through standard judicial proceedings. Chapter 1 Introduction   Background of the Study There is a demand for abused victims’ hotline and a one stop shop in diverse states of America.   Consequently, the building interest was by no means, then, limited to Law enforcers.   However, it is now spreading all over America at a rate that surprises secular and non-secular entities that supplies similar services. Americans have developed great interest in this endeavor because of its humanitarian and public values.    They apparently have realized that it makes victims feel safe in non-judgmental, anonymous places to test the waters as they begin their quest to find appropriate help they need.   Many may have realized that abused victims’ hotline and one stop shop, lifts up their spirit, brighten victims’ world, and add zest to life.   Moreover, abused victim’s hotline and one stop shop is an avenue that promises socially rewarding prospects. Statement of the Problem This study is mainly concerned with finding out the intensity of need for abused victims’ therapist hotline, one stop shop and law enforcers in diverse States of America.   It will address itself to the following problems: 1.   Which of the needs classified as?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a. therapist hotline;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b. parametric reception areas;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c. secured holding quarters;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d. law enforcers mere investigations;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e. mandatory reporting; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   f. convincing victim to confront suspect with legal options will best meet the requirement of an abused victim? 2.   At what category will the fragile case of an abuse victim be best handled and accommodated? 3.   Which among these classified needs meets the immediate requirements of the abused victim under the following circumstances?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a. rape victim   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  b. substance abuser   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  c. domestically abused Significance of the Study In a country like the United States of America the need for an avenue that promises socially rewarding prospects is vital; hence, it becomes imperative to extend present day knowledge on developing speedy communication system, appropriate reception and apt accommodations for abused victims. The researcher believed that the baseline data that will be gathered for the results of this study shall serve as guide of other researchers in their quest for additional knowledge specially those interested in the field of psychology and sociology Theoretical Framework of the Study An abused victim normally walks off with traumas of their pains. Some of them prevail over the stress and surfaced with triumph. But, most are too weak to be devastated with grief.   The difference between civil and criminal cases in domestic violence (Rainer, 2006) is a problem which an abused victim must face up to. Plus is the idea of confronting the suspect in court considering the raw sores of recently inflicted pains abused victims immediate needs must be addressed first prior to other legal measures. Commonly, Social psychologist views that the impact of social processes on human behavior may specialize into attitude formation and attitude change, group dynamics, prejudice, or violent behavior. Karl Emil Maximilian Weber (1864-1920) a famous social theorist of the 20th century took Kant view of moral psychology suggesting principled deed is primarily concomitant with self-discipline (Mohr, J. C. B., 1984). So is the interest of psychotherapist as specialist in the area of handling abused victims. For Weber, the significance and worth of what one does would rely upon one’s perspective of things (Mohr, J. C. B., 1984) which is exactly the same perspective as those the advocates of an abused victims’ hotline, parametric reception area, holding areas. These steps can be proven, understood and explained making it rational (Mohr, J. C. B., 1984). Assuming the abused victims’ desire for treatment and rehabilitation which may be a specific personality and is dependent upon the victims’ personal commitment, the strength of community values where the victims’ are, is a very important foundation (Mohr, J. C. B., 1984). Hypotheses:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Ho: There is no significant difference among therapist hotline, parametric reception areas, secured holding quarters, law enforcers mere investigations, mandatory reporting, and convincing victim to confront suspect with legal options to meet the requirement of an abused victim?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.   Ã‚  Ho: There is no category that will best handle and accommodate the fragile case of an abuse victim.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ho: There is none among the different classification of needs meets the immediate requirements of the rape victim, substance abuser and domestically abused victim. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study will be delimited to the use of therapist hotline, parametric reception areas, secured holding quarters, law enforcers mere investigations, mandatory reporting, and convincing abused victims such as rape, substance abuser and domestically abused to confront suspect with legal options.

The role of affirmative action in society Research Paper

The role of affirmative action in society - Research Paper Example The main reason this topic has been chosen is that we live in very diverse societies and are faced with a very wide range of people every single day. With the increasing change of roles of households and the increasing recessions in place, there is a clear need to understand in depth the steps that are taken to positively represent the women and minorities. Body: Impact of Affirmative Action on Society Considering the beneficiaries of the Affirmative Action it is evident that the cause is very noble. Yes, it is true that the law was introduced and passed for the safety and need of many people in need. However considering the people involved and the amount of damage that it has on the society, there have been a number of doubts that have surfaced. The law has also stirred up a number of questions and has built up a number of doubts about the accuracy of the law. Kate Johns has in a very effective manner explained the same. She explains the case of Martin Luther King who had focused on what the person is worth in terms of skills, behavior and performance rather than on the color of the skin. As quoted by Johns, â€Å"Don't judge a man by the color of his skin, but by the content of his character† (Johns). ... ople are actually being judged by their skin color and being place in jobs and higher places of learning due to their skin color, and their ethnic background† (Johns). This is the concept there several white victims of affirmative action and those from majority groups now refer to as reverse discrimination. Most affirmative action policies have always operated on the assumption of that the group that is on the receiving end of the policies is at an advantage. There are members of this group who are not necessarily under such circumstances. It is hard to believe but there are researchers who have argued that these policies, including those that are founded on racial principles, targets and goals at times have a serious impact on the majority race too. Lately, there have been several instances of white men complaining of reduced opportunities as a result of affirmative action policies that favor women and because of those that favor the minority races. This phenomenon goes by sev eral names and has been employed by a number of groups that criticize the philosophies on which affirmative action policies have been founded. While at the initial stages, the affirmative action policies or frameworks work in a positive way. This is because at this stage, they introduce the terms and define the boundaries for which to sell the concept and idea of gender and racial preferences, goals and targets. However, they ultimately turn their heads and start biting the class of people who had been believed to be strongly protected or favored by the system. It is essential to note that impact of the affirmative action is not completely negative in society and the actual intension of the law is clearly a good one. As explained by Mitchell W. Pearlman and Gregory Daniels, Affirmative action

Close Reading of a Short Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Close Reading of a Short Fiction - Essay Example She went to the extent of even changing her name just to show her real ethnical identity. The name ZitkalaSa means ‘red bird’ in the Indian language. In writing her autobiographies: School Days of an Indian Child and Impressions of Indian Childhood, we learn more of the kind about her life and experiences. Discussion The publication, The School Days of an Indian Girl, has a purpose of explaining the experience the author had while attending boarding schools meant for teaching and civilizing Indians. In a much broader outlook, the publication aims at showing the whole world the suppression that the inherent American culture faced after the colonization of the United States. Zitkala uses the power of the pen to express the pains she underwent while trying to keep true to her beliefs and roots. The publication achieved its purpose for which it was written. The plot of the story is well defined, it begins with Zitkala as young girl of eight years, whose curiosity and innocen ce has given an intense desire for the apple orchards to be educated by missionaries. The plot develops as we are told of the experiences and suffering she undergoes together with her friends while at the mission school. However, the climax comes when she returns home to meet her mother. There is a sudden twist of events as she does not feel happy being at home; she wants to go back to school. The conflict comes in when her mother does not allow her to go back to the mission school. She goes back to school against the wishes of her mother and this creates a rift between them. The rift makes Zitkala unhappy and it is so unfortunate that the story ends before the rift between them is resolved. Zitkala is the main character in the publication. She is portrayed as a brave individual who is not threatened by anything despite her young age and small size. Her bold nature is seen in the way she was very adamant to cut her hair. The mission staff had to look for her and grab her by force. S he is also emotional, and this is seen in the way she always hid in her room and cried because they were not in good times with the mother. The lady at the mission school is also another character that helps in plot development of the story. She is a symbol of pain and suffering. She is very cruel and often punished Zitkala and her friends even in situations where they did not misunderstood each other. Zitkala tells in a melancholic way how sometimes they were punished unjustly for the misunderstandings. This made her seek for revenge in some little ways. She narrates how she blames the well-meaning, hardworking and ignorant woman who was inculcating superstitious ideas in their young and pure hearts. In addition to the sadness that those days bring to her, they cast darkening shadows of how her past years had been. Loss of freedom clearly portrays itself as a main theme in Zitkala’s publication, The School Days of an Indian Girl. Being an Indian, she had got used to self-det ermination and independence. This is clearly shown when she finds it weird and difficult to cope up with the life at school. The fact that whistles and bells signaled every action that was to be done did not please her at all (Zitkala, pp.35). She was irritated with this kind of life and thus she calls it ‘iron routine’. According to her, all that was testing the chains which had bound her individuality tightly like mummies ready for burial. She had grown up in Dakota knowing that people did

There will come soft rains Essay Essay Example for Free

There will come soft rains Essay Essay Language exam: ‘there will come soft rains’ Good morning Miss Wiebke, Miss _____, My English exam topic is about a short fictional story called ‘There will come soft rains’ written by science fiction author Ray Bradbury, in which the main idea revolves around a futuristic house that can cook, clean, speak, etc. Due to a nuclear war, the inhabitants of the home have disappeared; only their silhouettes are left, printed into outer walls. The house, unaware of their deaths, continues to serve the absent people. The story covers topics such as technology, our future, humanity and nature and that’s what this essay is about. My statement is: Nowadays we all appreciate and applaud technology, we use it every day, but technology is a double edged sword and, in the right circumstances, it could mean the end of humanity. The story was written in the Cold War Era in which people were concerned about the devastating effects of atomic bombs and nuclear weapons. The world was still recovering from the effects of World War II and the dropping of atomic bombs in Japan. At first technology was created to improve our society, and make our environment a better and safer place. (Such as traffic lights, operating tools etc.) But now were misusing and taking advantage of it, and to be honest it’s kind of sad, we are humans after all, I’m sure we can use our hands to do many things we have technology do for us now. Making use of technology to create weapons to destroy the society we built all over the years is making an abuse of technology and also an irony. In the story the house makes everything for the inhabitants, from cooking to cleaning, it talks about how perfect this system and life style is, how technology took a step further and gave humans this new help, it did every little task for them, like it says, â€Å"An aluminum edge scraped them into the sink, where hot water whirled it down the throat which digested and flushed the m away into the distant sea. The dirty dishes were dropped into a hot washer and emerged twinkling dry.† The whole house worked to please humans, but even when there weren’t any humans left to serve it still worked. And as I said before it’s ironic because the dog that was starving next door died from starvation when the kitchen had plenty of food. â€Å"Behind the door, the stove was making pancakes which filled the house with a rich odder and sent of maple syrup†. The only thing that was stopping the dog to enter the kitchen and eat the food was a door, which he couldn’t open. And here we have the Nature aspect  of the story. From the beginning of the story we see the house isn’t too fond on nature, cleaning every single leaf that felled on the porch, scaring away the birds near the windows and most important the dog I talked about before, the dog itself symbolized nature, which was inside technology, and since the dog wasn’t part of the family directly the house didn’t need to serve him, so it left him to die, then sent out swarms of the mice and rats to clean it up. So the house did know and sensed there was some kind of living thing inside, but since it wasn’t human, he didn’t care. Technology wasn’t fond of Nature and neither was Nature. This shows how the same technology that is supposed to help us ends up killing us, (not only humans but any living thing) like the fact that human population completely disappeared because of an atomic bomb. We created with our own intelligence something we couldn’t control and it ended with our own lives. Is Technology helpful now? How can Technology be useful without us? We get an idea from the story what our future would be if we keep abusing of technology, the house even though there was no one to serve, continued working, and later on began functioning on a bad way, it was acting crazy and in the end, a simple and original element destroyed the intelligent house. That element belonged to Nature, it was fire. With this, Bradbury is trying to tell us to stop and think about the after cause and consequences before we use or invent technology and nature, even though lacks mans intelligence, endures long after mankind has been wiped out. As my own experience I can talk about how technology can be helpful, I see it every day, it’s easier to talk to people from around the world, to communicate with others, to inform yourself, it makes difficult tasks such as carrying heavy weight or building easier, but I also see abusing of technology, creating a machine for every single thing we can do on our own is an abuse, and also last year we studied the Second World War and the Cold War and I know how much the atomic bombs affected not only the people and cities in Japan, but everyone around the world were afraid of the effects this advanced weapons produced. My Technical conclusion is that Bradbury used really well personification, Irony and symbolism, because the house acted like a human, as I said before, cooking cleaning etc. and we could imagine and realize the dog and the fire were representing nature, and the  dog’s death is ironic, and the house’s destruction too. With these elements, the story has a deeper meaning and succeeds in indirectly warn us about the future and the dangers of technology. My Personal conclusion is that yes, technology is helpful, but there’s a limit. We should use it for certain things, I don’t think we really need an electric can opener, peeler, and such more, we can use our hands to do a lot of things, instead of having technology doing us that. I also think we should be careful, because there are still some aspects we don’t know about technology, and it can overcome us.

Who is to blame for Macbeths Downfall? :: essays research papers

The play MACBETH is filled with suffering. It begins with reports of a bloody battle, an execution of a traitor and Macbeth’s bloodthirsty heroism as he â€Å"unseamed† one of the invaders â€Å"from the nave of the chaps†. In comparison MacBeth’s later actions are even worse as he commits violent crimes against his own people. Much of the suffering in the play is directly attributable to Macbeth. However, the central focus of the play is the suffering he himself undergoes, as he makes his way through his course of evil. Macbeth caused the suffering of many during his dark quest to become King of Scotland. Many innocents were brutally slaughtered as a result of Macbeth’s actions, Banquo, King Duncan, Lady Macduff and her children. However many others experienced mental torment and anguish at the hand of Macbeth. Macbeth’s ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth felt guilt for her part in the murder of King Duncan and for murdering sleep she was denied the luxury of sleep driving her to insanity. The Macduff’s also suffered greatly. Lady Macduff witnessed the deaths of her children as they were â€Å"Savagely slaughter’d† (4:3:237) Macbeth also caused grief to Macduff as he ordered the slaying of his â€Å"Wife, Children, servants, all† (4:3:245) Macbeth was the cause of much suffering in the play and in turn suffered greatly throughout. Macbeth suffers much indecision from the moment he hears the witches prophesies. He gets confused and is torn between killing or not killing King Duncan. He immediately thinks of killing the king, as he wants so badly to be king, but the idea of committing such a crime appals him. â€Å"Why do I yield to that suggestion†(1:3:144), he says in a state of confusion. Macbeth is Duncan’s â€Å"kinsman†, â€Å"his subject† and â€Å"his host†. As his host he should be protecting him, not killing him. Macbeth believes in â€Å"even-handed justice† and that if he commits evil, evil will be put upon him. He ultimately decides not to kill the King but Lady Macbeth convinces him otherwise, â€Å"What beast was’t then That made you break this enterprise to me?† she asks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lady Macbeth does later fell guilt over her part in Duncan’s murder but Macbeth’s guilt is immediate.. Macbeth murders his great king and only moments later feels horrible guilt, â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand?†(2:2:77) Blood on hands is a symbol of guilt that Macbeth sees often in this play â€Å"with thy bloody and invisible hand† (3:2:53) He feels guilt like he has never experienced before â€Å"gouts of blood, which was not so before†(2:1:53) he says.

Ethnography of Starbucks

For my ethnography project, I decided to observe the Starbucks on Rockside Road in Independence, Ohio. My plan was to observe the subculture of Starbucks’ customers. A subculture is defined as a â€Å"structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. † My question was twofold. Does Starbucks appeal to certain social statuses? And if so, does Starbucks serve as another example of social inequality? The City of Independence has approximately 7,000 residents. The City is a hub for business, the majority of which are primarily based on Rockside Road. There are a variety of businesses, many of which include law firms, medical offices, and accounting firms. These busy professionals are just the type of clientele that I observed patronize Starbucks. The Starbucks on Rockside Road is located in a mid-size strip mall. The mall itself is very clean and has ample parking. Starbucks is flanked by other restaurants including Heidi’s, Zoup, Chipotle, Winking Lizard, Quiznos, and Thai Gourmet. All of the surrounding restaurants also cater to working professionals who have limited time available for food in their hectic days. The strip mall also contains non-food businesses that complete the full-service atmosphere. The additional stores include a large Kinko’s, Verizon Wireless, AT&T, a second printing shop, and a nail salon. The Starbucks is located right next to Kinko’s. It announces its presence with a large, tripod chalkboard that subtly invites passersby to reminisce of childhood. Indeed, the chalkboard notices offer some form of comfort in an otherwise hectic life. I first walked past the chalkboard on October 30th, a crisp Saturday in Northern Ohio. The chalkboard sign confirmed that it was in fact fall. The sign was decorated with orange and brown ribbons and offers of â€Å"Toffee Mocha† or a â€Å"Pumpkin Spiced Latte† along with a â€Å"homemade† glazed donut. As I pushed open the glass door, with the immediately recognizable green and white Starbuck’s logo, I was met with a warm breeze. The scent of chocolate and coffee beans filled the store. The sound of Wilco and grinding coffee beans invaded my ears. The store was about 500 sq. ft. in size. It contained a long, dark green counter behind which had two smiling twenty-something â€Å"baristas† who were ready and waiting to take my order. Several Espresso machines were situated along the counter. There was also a large display case which contained what appeared to be delicious donuts, cookies, and various pastries. The store also offered â€Å"Ethos† water which informs potential purchasers that a portion of the money goes to ensure clean drinking water in less fortunate countries. Patrons could also purchase organic non-coffee drinks, coffee mugs, ground Starbucks coffee, and iTunes music downloads. The store had an interior designed for comfort. Sixteen wooden tables filed the area. The floor was a deep cherry faux wood. There were multiple pictures on the walls, some of which depicted the different countries that Starbucks gets its coffee. The store was decorated for fall. Two sequenced pumpkins sat on the counter—one at the register and one at the pickup station. The pumpkins matched the pumpkin chalk on the outside display. The color orange was splashed around the store. There were already other patrons when I arrived. One table was occupied by a twenty-something male, typing away on his Macintosh laptop. A young couple occupied another table. The remainder of the store contained a scattered group of males and females, all with laptops, who appeared to be working on some kind of project. I chose a table situated near the middle of the store and began gathering my observations. Over the span of two weekends (the weekends of October 23rd and October 30th) I had an opportunity to observe the type of people who purchased the Starbucks â€Å"logo. † On both Fridays I conducted my observations between the hours of 6 and 8pm, and on each Saturday between 11am to 1pm. I found that the majority of the clientele appeared to be middle or upper class individuals. It became apparent that Starbucks appealed to people of a certain socioeconomic status through their thoughtful use of products, language, decor, and location. Socioeconomic status (SES) is defined as â€Å"an individual’s position in a stratified social order,† meaning upper middle, or lower class. SES is primarily determined by income. The remainder of this paper will look at the different ways that Starbucks caters to the more privileged. First, Starbucks products are clearly designed for those with a disposable income. Realistically, who would spend almost three dollars for a small cup of coffee when you can get a jumbo coffee for . 99 cents at a gas station? One reason could be quality. Starbucks claims to use high-quality whole bean coffee and sells them in a traditionally European style. But the products are not limited to coffee. Starbucks also offered a full array of organic drinks, socially conscious products, outrageously priced coffee mugs—some of which are plastic versions that prominently display their logo, and music downloads. There were two available downloads that I observed. One was a new release by a famous artist. The other was a new release by an â€Å"undiscovered† new group. Similar to the music, my observations revealed that the Starbucks patrons primarily fit into two categories. The first were businessmen and women, who entered in suits with cellphones in hand, and hastily ordered a latte before running out the door. The second were twenty-something’s who ordered a drink and settled in to work on their laptops. These observations suggest that primarily busy, preoccupied people only have time to grab a cup of coffee and get back to work, and since Starbucks offers quick quality, it’s the store of choice. Second, Starbucks has a language reminiscent of an Italian coffee shop. Instead of small, medium, or large, Starbucks uses â€Å"tall† for small, â€Å"grande† for medium, and â€Å"venti† for large sizes. This variation in language may indicate that in order to buy Starbucks coffee, you must have a basic knowledge of foreign languages which could reflect one’s educational attainment. The change in language may add an air of sophistication to their products as well. Instead of ordering a large coffee, someone could order a â€Å"venti carmel macchiato. † The language barrier at Starbucks may reflect a culture that only certain people with a certain educational level are able to recognize and adjust accordingly. This would apply to the middle and upper classes which are typically associated with higher educational levels and which could indicate a more cultured person. Third, Starbucks uses its decor to appeal to people with a higher socioeconomic status. What is Starbucks trying to sell besides coffee? An experience. The atmosphere of Starbucks is warm and enticing. The store uses mainly earth-tone colors to give the customer a sense of comfort. The lighting is dim and sets a mood for relaxation and is reminiscent of a library at night. The lighting is designed to highlight certain products in the same way that an expensive restaurant showcases its food. The decor also contained a worldly feel. The artwork was meant to evoke an exotic getaway. The store was exceptionally clean and the â€Å"baristas† were friendly. Through its decor, Starbucks is trying to sell an experience where customers enter a sophisticated yet understated store to purchase products that they would have had to travel the globe to obtain. This experience is indicative of the values and lifestyles commonly associated with the middle and upper class; education and travel. Fourth, Starbucks chooses its store locations as a means of attracting a certain type of clientele. According to David Firestone, director or real estate for Starbucks, there are two ground rules the company uses when deciding on locations: one, always open near an upscale nchor, two, there’s no such thing as too many coffee franchises if pedestrian levels are high enough. Through Starbucks. com website store locator, the search for Starbucks in downtown Cleveland showed over twenty locations in the area, while a search in the less-affluent East Cleveland area found no store locations. This stratified market may suggest that Starbucks chooses locations in areas that would predominantly draw customers from middle and upper classes. Also, for more technology savvy customers, Starbucks designed an iPhone app that avigates the nearest Starbucks for any destination the customer is at, around the world. Through a combination of selective store placement and easy access, Starbucks makes its stores accessible to some, but not to all. In conclusion I’ve found that Starbucks tries to sell its idea of â€Å"cool† to the middle and upper classes through its sleek products, unique language, smooth decor, and specific store locations. Since Starbucks makes a great effort to appeal to people of higher socioeconomic statuses, the subculture of the storeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s customers follows suit. The subculture’s distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns are those associated with â€Å"high society† living, like wealth, education, and privilege. So, it appears that Starbucks serves as yet another chain of social inequality in the world of commercial business through its specific attention to a target audience that consists heavily of wealth, power, and prestige. This ethnography helped me to better understand that certain marketing strategies appeal to certain subcultures, which relay back to specific socioeconomic statuses. And in a world run by money, status is everything.

Early Years Foundation Stage for Childminding Essay

The EYFS is set to ensure all children in early year’s settings including children with disabilities and special needs have the best possible start in life which they deserve. A child needs to not only have a safe, secure and happy childhood but also one which is rich in positive parenting and high quality learning. These will provide the foundations and tools a child needs to reach their full potential. The EYFS must be followed by all early years’ providers to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. The EYFS is set to help prepare children for school, physically and emotionally and set a foundation for a positive progress through school and life. Children develop at a raid rate between birth-5 years and experiences between this time have a dramatic impact on their future. Key Points of the Early Years Foundation stage †¢ Good quality and consistent care within all early years’ settings to ensure every single child makes good progress. †¢ A secure foundation through learning and development opportunities which are planned around the needs and interests of each individual child and are assessed and reviewed regularly †¢ Partnership working between practitioners and with parents and/or carers †¢ Equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practice, ensuring that every child is included and supported. EYFS requirements for learning and development †¢ All Early year providers must help children work towards the early learning goals, the knowledge, skills and understanding a child should have by the end of the academic year in which they turn five. †¢ Shape activities and experiences within the setting to enable every child to have the best chance of reaching these learning goals. †¢ Set in place assessment arrangements and requirements for measuring progress and for reporting to parents and/or carers. EYFS requirements for safeguarding and welfare Early years providers must set in place requirements to ensure a child’s safety and promote their welfare taking into account the following points. †¢ Every child is different and unique and children who are constantly learning will become more confident, independent, and grow in self-esteem. †¢ Positive relationships enable children to be strong and independent †¢ A nourishing environment which responds to a child’s individual needs will enable them to learn and develop well. This will also be the case through a good strong partnership between parent/care and care giver. †¢ Children learn and develop in different ways and at different speeds.

Middle Ages essays

Middle Ages essays At the beginning of the Middle Ages, most trade was in expensive goods, but soon there was trade in all items, even like food. There was trade between countries for things like spices as well as local trade. Towns grew around the local markets. Markets were very different in the middle ages than our marketplaces. Crossing roads often became marketplaces. People selling things had to set up tents. A lot of people came to the marketplace to shop. The people even sang songs that told how busy marketplaces could be. The peasants sold crops and livestock. The artisans sold their art. Going to a marketplace was like going to a carnival or fair. Some towns became rich because their people specialized in a certain type of thing. A guild was a group of people with a common interest. People formed religious and social guilds. The most important guild was a group of merchants and craft workers. One reason that merchant guilds were organized was for greater security against attack as they traveled. Craft guilds were bakers, brewers, goldsmiths, tailors, weavers and other craft workers. To protect their members, they established rules much like the rules of the merchant. guilds. There were different levels of craft workers. A journeyman went through training. He was a skilled worker who got paid. He couldn't open a shop because he wasn't a guild member. He had to work for a master for three years. The final year he had to make a masterpiece to become a member of the guild. An apprentice is someone who went to live with a skilled person who would teach the apprentice everything he would need to know to become good at whatever he was studying. The apprentice was kind of like an assistant to his master. He would watch his master to learn how to do his master's craft. Apprentices did not get paid. One of the biggest things that affected life was silk. They did not have silk they only had wool. So silk was a big advancement for them especiall...

Major Real Estate Development Risk management and Insurance from the Research Paper - 1

Major Real Estate Development Risk management and Insurance from the developers position - Research Paper Example I will also look at the insurance factors that affect a real estate developer’s position. Various literatures offer a different understanding of the concept of real estate development with some looking at it as being similar to property development, while others looking at them differently. Basically, real estate development refers to a process that makes it possible for land use to be intensified for the purpose of coming up with housing structures for occupation. Real estate is also looked at as a concept that makes it possible for construction and necessary access of infrastructure, and at the same time allows legal subdivision of property for the purpose of vertical construction. Real estate itself is looked at as a projection that takes in the aspect of money, space and time. Through real estate, creation and management of time and space is enabled with the aim of generating specific estimated cash flows over a particular period of time. A developer refers to and individual or a corporate organization that develops land and buildings to increase their value to specified amounts over time. Developers in the real estate industry are therefore individuals or organizations who bring together land, labor and capital and plan how to manage and facilitate the market in a way that the requirements of the users are sufficiently met. In addition to this basic definition, the real estate industry is characterized by various types of developers who may be classified on the basis of their strategic capital role, geographic scope and ownership structure or the type of products they deal with (Davis 89). Real estate developers may therefore be classified in three most common categories: trader developer refers to the type of a developer who assumes the entire risk of the project until it’s completed. A trader developer then makes a complete sale of the land and property which results to the main goals as being exploitation of

ANALYZNG THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANALYZNG THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS - Coursework Example Vodafone is a telecom company and is headquartered at London, UK. The reason behind choosing Vodafone is that the recruitment process is very simple as compared with other multinational companies. The recruitment process of Vodafone is presented below. The company recruits on the basis of experience as well as academic background of the candidate. However in some of the vacant positions the company only hires on the basis of prior experience. The company is hugely focused towards the recruitment of diverse work force. It is a rule in the company that the recruitment of the candidates should ensure diversity. This can be cited as one of the business strategies of the company. The company strategically recruits diverse workforce keeping in mind about the diversity in their customer base. The company also pays competitive pay packages to its employees in order to make sure that the attrition rate remains minimal. However the company also uses several other techniques in order to retain their present employee strength. In this context the company carries out various employee retention programs. Also the company pays on the basis of performance. 2. Pension Scheme: - The company also thinks about the employees after their retirement from the company. In this context the company offers pension to them. Also the company has been awarded with the ‘Pensions Quality Mark Plus’ in the United Kingdom. 3. Holidays: - The company offers 28 holidays in a year apart from the regular and national holidays. The company also has the policy that states that if an employee gets older in the system he/she is entitled to get more

All forms of government welfare should be abolished Essay - 4

All forms of government welfare should be abolished - Essay Example money that is given to people who will not work even though they are physically able to will only encourage laziness and cause the economy of a nation to suffer. In most cases, unpleasant circumstances usually perfect a person’s character in the long term. The type of dependent behavior that is invariably encouraged by welfare just destroys a person’s capacity to grow. The American welfare program provides enough proof of the inadequacies of welfare. This program, while created to encourage jobless citizens to get inspired to look for work and sustain themselves, has only inspired a sense of entitlement in unemployed grown adults. The United States has become a foster parent of capable people who refuse to help themselves. Even though the American government began to provide welfare options for its needy citizens in the 60s, the poverty level has stayed the same, even though government welfare funds have continued to increase on a constant basis. At present, the American government sponsors 70 welfare programs at nearly $1 trillion annually (Voegelli, 2012). This figure is almost 13 times what it was when the welfare program was started in the 1960s (Voegelli, 2012). Put your claim/position and â€Å"evidence† through the â€Å"Scientific Method† and â€Å"Proving a theory† steps. Are there any steps on which your claim/position and evidence do not measure up to the examination? If so, what can you do to make them more acceptable? According to the American Census Bureau statistics in 2010, there are 114.8 million family units in America. If 34.2% of American families  seek assistance from welfare programs, this implies that roughly 39.3 million American homes get welfare benefits on a monthly basis. The American government spent more than $451.9 Billion on welfare expenditures in 2012. To expand one’s knowledge as regards welfare, this means that every family that was accepted as a welfare case received $11,500 that year. According to Voegelli (2012), the

Introduction to Organisations and Management Assignment - 4

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Assignment Example The various inputs in an organization includes human efforts in the form of workforce, financial inputs in the form of investments, informational inputs in the form of ideas and material inputs in the form of a structure and various equipment for the working of the staff. Utilizing these four inputs an organization is supposed to generate two major outputs, the first one is achievement of the set goals and targets which include production of quality products, provision of quality services and betterment of environment. The second output is the employee satisfaction. While working ‘employees develop a psychological contract with the organization which is based on expectations from each other, the managers and the organization’ (Schein, 1965). The expectations are always based on a feeling that the employee himself is contributing towards the success of the organization so he ‘considers himself entitled to enjoy the benefits of success’ (Armstrong, 2001). ... Since both the companies, Watsons Engine Components and H & M Consulting are operating in a global scenario therefore both are dealing with a complex dynamic external environment with large number of dissimilar external factors changing frequently. Political Factors: The political factors in case of both the organizations are same because both operate in a multinational scenario but H & M Consulting, being a large organization operating in different regions of the world have to adjust to various changing scenarios according the political situation of the region and therefore the managers in H & M Consulting encourage a flexible behavior and flexible approach to providing solutions to problems. While the organizational structure and approach at Watsons is rigid and conservative because it does not have to adapt to various political scenarios. This has created internal politics in Watsons while H & M Consulting is free from any kind of internal politics. Social Factors: Watsons is leas t affected by social factors because it is least concerned about the impacts of the organization on society, while various external social factors like the preference of technological advanced companies will reduce the customers of Watsons in near future. On the other hand the customers are very much satisfied with services offered by H & M Consulting because they have proper CSR programs, have incorporated technological advancement in their organization and are concerned about their repute in the society. Technological Aspects: The technology is advancing every other day but Watsons is not willing to incorporate latest technologies in its assembly line partly because of financial constraints and partly due to lack of initiative. As a result the company has a very so

Can a Historian Look at the Past Objectively?

Can a Historian Look at the Past Objectively? In the following lines, it is going to be discussed the statement It is impossible for an historian not to view the recent past through a moral or ideological lens. In order to offer a deeper insight in the topic, it has been considered appropriate to reformulate the statement, turning it into a question and formulating it in a positive way. As well, though we will go back to it later, it has been considered as well to remove the nuance recent from the question. Thus, this is the result: It is possible for a historian not to view the past through a moral and ideological lens?. These modifications, that as we may see dont distort the essence of the original proposal, will make easier to think about the topic, as facilitates the task of consider it from a historical and epistemological-based perspective, which enables us to give a broader picture about it and its historical roots. Anyway, in the conclusion, the original statement will be brought back again, and answered. The first step before going deep in this issue, is to define briefly what do we understand for moral and ideological lens. To question if history is written through a moral lens, applied to the case of historical studies, can be understood as questioning whereas all studies in the field are morally biased or not; what is to say, if beneath any text is it possible to find some clues about the moral position of the author. To explain what it is understood by ideological lens, it has been judged appropriated the definition given by professor Michael Hunt: an interrelated set of convictions or assumptions that reduce the complexity of a particular slice of reality to easily comprehensive terms and suggests appropriate ways of dealing with that reality[1]. Maybe this definition can seem too broad, but it has been chosen precisely because of that: it allows to include in thiscategory not only the structures of thought that are usually considered as ideologies, such as Marxism or Liberalism, but as well different intellectual trends or other theories of knowledge. In other words, ideology is understood as an accepted body of ideas that helps to conduct a research and explain processes, in the field of social sciences. Hence, an approach through an ideological lens consists on the analysis and reconstruction of historical events through the referential points given by this structure. So, the discussion about if it is possible for a historian whether to see or not the recent past through a moral or ideological lens is about his capacity of keeping his own position and concerns outside the view of the past that is offering through his writings. In the end, the issue under discussion here can be identified with the recurring argument in historiography about objectivity and subjectivity in historical research. Therefore, along the essay we will make a lot of references to it. Once the concepts have been focused, everything is ready to continue diving in our issue. As it has been seen, the matter that occupies us can be identified with the historiographical discussion of whether objectivity is possible or not. In the following lines, we will bring up the main positions stood among scholars around this question, and the shifts that those views have experienced along the last century. This will help to give some steps towards a solution to it. Traditionally, related to the issue of objectivity and subjectivity, from the theoretical positions among the scholars in the field, we could distinguish two currents. On one hand, those who defend that objectivity can be achievable, and that is mandatory; on the other, those who think that is not only an unrealistic aim, but an undesirable one. Of course, as always in social sciences, this distinction must not be intended to be pure and rigid. On the first group, we could find the pioneer of the discipline Leopold Von Ranke, and his line has been followed by other historians such as Trevelyan or David Thomson[2]. Quoting Ranke, the main position of this group can be summarized in the idea that history is about simply to show how it really was[3]; to learn it in its own terms. They justify this main statement in the idea that there is a need to give primacy to the facts, that them should be the main point of departure of any historical research. Hence, history should be about establishing facts in a first stance, and identifying connections, but with a total detachment from the object of study, without contaminating historical reality with personal prejudices[4]. Of course, we can find some variants among this group, as some objectivists will concede some space to speculation or personal interpretation. This is the case of Trevelyan indeed, or of a XIX century intellectual who stated that facts are sacred, opinion is free[5]. But they all share the main standpoint that primacy have to be given to the facts, and that interpretation and historical reconstruction must be perfectly distinguished. On the other hand, we could find a school of historians which can be englobed in a more subjectivist trend. In this group, we can find historians such as Benedetto Croce, in the early XX century, or Carr himself, in the sixties. One of the most enlightening summaries of this view Croces statement all history is contemporary history[6]; they understood that the task of the historian was to see the past through the eyes of the present, and to evaluate it (from it)[7]. Therefore, they argued that all his ideas, theories and assumptions, his ideological and moral background, were reflected upon the text. In this way, Carr would argue that, despite facts are the backbone of historical studies, are not its reason[8]. It can be said that what he was trying to say is that facts are necessary condition, but not sufficient. But this group distinction is not useful anymore, since the outbreak in the late XX Century of a new school of thought that shivered, and still doing, the foundations of historical theory: postmodernism. Despite all the differences of perspective that confronted both trends, they were discussing inside a shared paradigm: modernity. Maybe they didnt agree in the relationship of the historian with his work, in the idea of detachment, or on the primacy of the facts doctrine, but all of them agreed on the idea that the achievable aim of the discipline was related to historical truth. It can be counterargued that they stood a different conception of the concept of historical truth, but undoubtedly shared the standpoint that his works where referring to an external truth. The outbreak of postmodernism from the late sixties onwards broke with this shared paradigm. From the field of philology and philosophy, the idea that there is not linkage between reality and the works that try to explain it, spread to the other branches of knowledge. Postmodernists, such as the French philosopher Jacques Derrida, regarded that objectivity in historical studies must be understood as an unachievable myth, a mere product of what might be called the referential illusion[9]. Following the path charted by the early postmodernists on the sixties, some historians such as Theodore Zeldin[10] accepted these basis, assuming a relativism through the acceptance of the premises that historical texts are not bound to any historical truth, so are to be seen as mere subjective personal views.[11] These assumptions were elevated to the category of rights, understanding that every historical explanation should be regarded as a personal tale, concluding therefore, as Zeldin states, everyone has the right to find his own perspective[12]. As we can see, if we want to preserve the binary distinction of two confronted groups, to gain a faithful picture of the current discussion, we have to reformulate it. Then, in one side we find the post-modernist view, which claims not only that any view in history is biased by moral and ideological concerns, but that everything is ideology and morals, those of the author, who stands behind the tale. On the other, those who believe that reference to historical truth is achievable. Inside this group, we may find some differences about the specific definition of truth or the role of ideology and so on, but this main point unifies them. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that some ideological and moral bias is unavoidable[13], but among this group it is denied that this doesnt allow to reach certain objective conclusions. So, if we want to stay in the frame of the current polemics in the field, the question about whether it is impossible not to view the past through a moral or ideological lens requires to inquiry in which way historians pre-assumptions are reflected on his work, to which extent does it distort the vision about the past, and whether this enables us to talk about an achievable objective historical truth or not. Until now, we have been focusing the question: first, by clarifying the concepts; later, by having a brief look to the status of the issue among scholars. The latter point lead us to the stance that is widely accepted that moral and ideology are present in any historical work. There is no one easy answer to what are the implications of it, and we have thought that the best way of understanding it is by revising some of the main elements that take part in historical research. Through a brief study of how history is made, we will be able to understand how the moral and ideological assumptions of the author, his subjectivity, are present on his works. But before that, as are very related to the question of How?, it would be interesting to have a brief look to the question of What is the historian looking for? and the reasons of why is it judged of interest. Of course, the questions of What? and Why history? would deserve a whole essay. But our aim is not to tackle with the topic of the nature of history. Therefore, we will devote just a few lines to these matters. 4.1) What? The question of what history is was first critically formulated by Ranke, who developed the idea that historys aim was to study it in its own terms, how it really was[14]. The idea was that the historian had to go to the archives, and collect facts which would explain how was the past. So, we can say, he understood that history was a reality that resided in the sources, and that was within reach for the historian, who could carry on a reconstruction of it. This conception of history explains why some historians from the positivist school, in the late XIX Century, thought that they were near the moment where, been all the archives revised, definite historical truth was going to be reached[15]. The problem is that it seems to be an out-of-focus vision. The past is not out there anymore, it is dead. This have been emphasized by some historians along the XX Century, such as Marwick who remarks the idea that past doesnt exist anymore, and that all we have from it are relics and traces through which the historian has to work in order to offer a more or less plausible synthesis of the past[16]. And this can be complemented with Carrs emphasis on the fact that historical research is made from the present, from a different context and perspective than its object of study[17]. Though sometimes is near falling in a relativist view often criticised by other scholars, asElton did[18], he has helped to develop among the discipline a valuable concern about how our study of the past is conducted by interests and ways of doing moulded by the present time. So, this leads us to a new idea of history as a discipline: instead of the reconstruction of the past, it is a representation where the role of the historian should be taken into account. The past is dead, and it is not going to be brought into live again. What we only have are traces, rests, ruins of it, and the task of the historian is to create explanatory models from them, trying to be faithful to the historical reality they refer to. In a metaphorical way, we can say that history is like the representation of a landscape painted by a painter backwards it, guided by the indications of a man in who he relies. He doesnt see the landscape, but he can create a more or less faithful image of it; depending on how skilful he is, on his capability of asking the accurate questions to his friend, on his ability of deduction and his experience and so on, he would create a better or worse representation of it. But the representation would not be an exact reproduction of the landscape. First, because it would not be the intention: it is a 2-D representation of a 3-D reality. But as well because a lot of data would be missed, even being his friend a good guide, and the painter would have to deduce some of the connections made on the canvas, implying all his capacities of reasoning, deducing, comparing, thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ always at service of the, for him fragmented, reality that is trying to portray. Following this example, a postmodernist could argue that is pointless to think that there could be a real bond between our blind painters representation and the landscape. So, he shouldnt try it; what he would have to do is to be conscious that his representation is a totally disengaged vision of the landscape, so what he would only be able to do is to create freely his own personal interpretation. But then he wouldnt be accomplishing the task he has been initially asked: to reach a proper representation of the landscape. He would create a beautiful and colourful composition, but a meaningless one. Coming back from the metaphor,the historian who is unaware of the object of study, history, cannot be conceived as a writer of history, but of poetry or literature. Hence, post-modernism is not applicable to history, as both are incompatible: the historian who fully accepts that premises cannot be called a historian, as he is rejecting the main foundation of the discipline: to offer a proper representation of history. So, what we can conclude from all this is: a) Historian aspires, at most, to a representation of the past. b) Hence, the historian, with his moral and ideological beliefs, is present on his work, as he interprets and establishes connections from the present. c) This doesnt mean that the outcome is a mere creation: his construction is supposed to be bonded to reality, to the ideal of how it was. If he rejects that, reducing it to a mere self-expression of personal moral and ideological points of view, is doing anything but history. 4.2) Why? This issue will be briefly sketched out, with the main aim of presenting the point of view stood along the essay. Why history? Why is historical inquiry of interest? We have found an almost infinite range of points of view along the bibliography selected, from its justification due to the explanation of development of human values through history, to the argument that is the only way of understand our contemporary context.[19] As we will see on following lines the Why? stood by the historian determines the How? is the research carried on. But, however, there is an essential characteristic that lies under any of the different points of view: interest in history stems from the interest of understanding the human being in society. And from there, different ways of facing this issue enrich the whole. Hence: a) There is not a specific answer to the question Why history?, but all can be summarized in the study of the past of the human being in society. b) The different ways and perspectives through it is studied enriches the whole. 4.3) How? Once the questions of the What? and Why? history have been overviewed, we are reaching the central point of this essay: to see which is the role played by the ideological and moral own views of the historian in his work through answering to the question of How is it done?. Having a look to some of the essential aspects that intervene in the process of writing history will enable us to see how historians personal concerns are reflected on his work and how does this happen. First, a brief insight to the relationship between the historian and the facts and sources[20]. Carr defines it through a comparison with fishery: [Facts] are like fish swimming about in a vast and sometimes inaccessible ocean; and what the historian catches will depend [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] on what part of the ocean he chooses to fish in and what tackle he chooses to use- these two factors been determined by the kind of fish he wants to catch.[21] What he is trying to explain is how the historian is not a mere passive processer of data, but an active agent from the very starting point of selecting the information in which is going to root his research. But the question is: in base to what does he make the selection? In base to his own concerns? Or in base of the preferences of history? What is to say: the facts he looks for are determined by his own interests or by what history demands? As we have argued previously, history is about a representation of the past, where it is the main character, the object of study. So, it seems that would make sense to assert that the questions that the historian asks to the raw materials may be pounded faithfully to the preferences of history. Of course, at a first stance, when he hardly knows anything about the topic is going to study, his research will be driven by questions raised in the present, related to his concerns. But this will change progressively as he makes progress. Through inquiring the raw sources, to make them talk[22], the historian comes up with more questions, but this time not formulated in base to the present but to the foreign country[23] which is been re-visited. And by keeping this process, he manages to go deeper in the past, to understand better the people who lived there, the process that affected their lives. So, in theory, it appears to be possible the goal set by Ranke of getting to know the past in its own terms[24]. But when we examine any work of history, even the considered to be the best ones, we discover that, indeed, this doesnt happen. Every history book or paper can be classified in an ideological or moral spectrum due to its conclusions. In order to understand properly why does this happen, in the next lines we are going to proceed to an insight to what has been called the nature of the historian. Through this, we will go back to some of the issues which have just been covered. So, in the following lines we are going to deal with the issue of the nature of the historian in what pretends to be an invitation for the reader to think about who is the historian and how does his moral and ideological point of view affects his historical production. We will focus on three aspects, which are those who have been seen to be the most problematic: context, ideology as framework and categories as a vehicle for indirect judgement. As is aforementioned, the historian is not a machine, but a human who has his own beliefs and experiences emotions, who is part of his society, so shares the cultural background of his epoch and is affected by academic theories or trends. As Jordanova argues all historians have ideas already in their minds when they study primary materials- models of human behaviour, established chronologies, assumptions about responsibility, notions of identity and so on[25]. On the other hand, the historian is a professional devoted to the study from the past, through the construction of explanatory models of it in the most accurate way possible. Hence, we can detect the dual reality of the historian, which causes tensions. Lets have a look to how all this corpus of premises affects the historians craft. First of all, we have to bear in mind that the historian is part of a specific time and society that constrains him when creates his explanatory models about the past. For example, a historian in the sixties would be attracted by schools such as the cliometricians in the US or Annales in France, based on theories that championed more integration of the discipline with other social sciences such as sociology or economy, as some of them they understood that it was the way of reaching certain and objective conclusions[26]. This was translated into the predominance of a history based on the processing of data, quantifiable perspectives of the past, on analysis rather than narrative, predominance of social perspective rather than the study of individuals and so on.[27] Part of this schools where Emmanuel Roy de Laudurie and Lawrence Stone, who argued respectively that history that is not quantifiable cannot claim to be scientific[28] and that quantification was the way of pushing back widely spread historical myths[29]. But this conception wrecked partly because of its own exhaustion, partly because new trends surpassed it, such as post-modernist trends (that emphasized the study of the unconscious instead of data at a social level), radical historians (that argued for a more narrative history instead of analysis and promoted new objects of study such as what they understood of the hidden and oppressed of history)[30], and so on. And with this change of paradigm, a lot of supporters of the quantitative view changed their mind, as is the case of both Le Roy and Stone. The former wrote in the sixties a book about the collective imagery in a French medieval village; the latter is well known for having written a high-impact paper claiming for the revival of narrative[31]. As we can see, if changes the context where the ideological premises of the historian have been built, also changes the way of understanding it. In the end, changes the anthropological conception of who and how the human being is. Is the case of Le Roy: his idea of human as a being constrained by the means of production rooted in a materialist view of the world gave way to a new vision where the un-material (imaginaries and so on) was judged as more relevant in order to explain his anthropological basis. Hence, we can see that the context may influence heavily the ideological premises of the historian; and with a shift on it, changes, consequently, his way of ponderingthe past. Especially important is the case of that historiography explicitly based on an ideology. Maybe the most remarkable case is the Marxist historiography, which has kept a strong presence in the field during almost the whole XX century. Great historians such as E.P Thompson, Christopher Hill or Eric Hobsbawm didnt hesitate in defending Marxism as an especially useful point of departure for historical research[32]. As confessed Marxists they were, his studies focused on topics related to the world of labour from a materialistic perspective and dealt with categories and concepts such as bourgeois, class and class struggle, means of production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ full of Marxists implications. The use of categories in history is another example of how present is historians moral and ideological point of view in his work. Categories are not neutral, but full of implications. As we have seen, Marxist historians are predisposed to explain history through Marxist categories. But we can think on an infinite range of examples: categories such as democratic or fascist, and so on, are often used as a way of setting moral judgements. Hence, through the mere choice of categories, the historian is, though implicitly, judging. Facing this picture, it could seem that post-modernist assumptions about the impossibility of getting over ones point of view and reach historical truths are certain. To counterargue this conclusion, has been found (as Evans also does) [33] to be very useful the concept of objectivity encouraged by Thomas Haskell, which regards it more as a quality of the historian itself than of the text: ascetic self-discipline that enables a person to do such things as abandon wishful thinking, assimilate bad news, discard pleasing interpretations that cannot past elementary tests of evidence and logic, and, most important at all, suspend [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] ones own perceptions long enough to enter sympathetically into the alien and possibly repugnant perspectives of rival thinkers.[34] In the end, we could say that writing good history, capable of reaching historical truth, is about been able of transcending ones point of view and subordinate it to the historical reality faced along the study of the sources. It could be said that is a matter of primacy, of been able to give primacy to the history rather than to ones position. Lets examine this with some of the examples aforementioned. We have mentioned the case of Hobsbawm. As it has been said, he developed a historical analysis from a Marxist point of view. But when we say that we are not assuming that he was fitting his conclusions into that premises, enforcing reality to fit it into his ideological point of view. Indeed, he was able to reach conclusions which challenged the traditional Marxist point of view, as happens when asserts that macro-social analysis difficulties to understand the nature of Revolutions by exaggerating structure and devaluating situation, as them can only been explained historically, focusing on the specific, and not theoretically, through generalisations[35]. Or when writes about nationalism in a much more cultural way than just based on Marxists social theory and framework[36]. Marxist theory guided his historical inquiry, but he was not closed to re-interpreting it if the sources demanded it, and was opened as well to consider historical problems without absolutizing any kind of historical causes or perspectives. His capacity of considering all the points of view, of not closing his historical inquiry to his ideological preferences, and to giving primacy to the historical sources rather than to his personal ideological premises, makes his work valid until today[37]. A counter example would be the case of Carr, whose History of Soviet Russia has been often criticised because of overlooking Stalinist repression[38]. And is a precise critique: in what he said was an accurate accountant of the development of the Soviet state, he disregarded that crucial point due to a strong ideological bias. Or the case of some ideologically-motivated gender history, that absolutizes ahistorical concepts, such as patriarchy, fitting history into its predetermined framework[39]. Another example are Foucaultspseudo-historical writings, which are more a kind of philosophical works based on historical examples, where theory clearly outweighs historical rigor.[40] In this cases, the primacy of history is not preserved; far from that, it is toughly violated, as is placed at the service of the moral and ideological framework of the writer. We have mentioned as well the issue of categories as a way of implicit moral and ideological judgement. The historian will never get rid of it, but can perfectionate his ability to represent history accurately through them. Lets bring again the example of the category fascist. If the historian is able to understand it properly, and is conscious of all its implications, he will be able to make an appropriate use of it, according to historical standards. Then, if he remains faithful to the sources, would be in the position of identifying fascist movements, or fascist behaviours as were historically understood in the time studied. It will, for example, help him to differentiate it from other kind of authoritarian ideologies, point which is often confused. And this is the way that objectivity should be understood: as a capacity of detachment that allows the historian to overcome a fully present-minded and ideological interpretation. And departs from the assertion that primacy must be given to the demands of history, to the guidance of the sources. A way of assessing if this has been achieved is through the test of time: the validity of its conclusions through a wide span of time. Quoting again Tosh, is what made him to assert that Hobsbawms Age of Revolution still unsurpassed[41], even when Marxism is not anymore seen as a reliable framework of interpretation. All of this can be achievable only if this principle of objectivity is assumed. But it is just a necessary condition, but not sufficient. To accomplish it depends as well on the skill of the historian. But without it, doesnt matter how much skilful the historian is, that his work will not stand the test of time. Along this essay, we have revised some polemic aspects about the historians relationship with his object of study. First of all, after fixing definitions of moral and ideology, we have revised some of the attitudes across the historiography about our topic. Then, through answering to the questions What?, Why? and How? we have explored the relationship between the historian and history, between his perso